scholarly journals Physiological and Biochemical Analyses of Sorghum Varieties Reveal Differential Responses to Salinity Stress

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Mbinda ◽  
M Kimtai
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Plant Life Cycle

ABSTRACTSalinity is among the most severe and widespread environmental constrains to global crop production, especially in arid and semi-arid climates and negatively affecting productivity of salt sensitive crop species. Breeding and selection of salt tolerant crop varieties is therefore necessary for sustainable plant productivity. Given that germination and seeding phases are the most critical phase in the plant life cycle, this study aimed to evaluate seed germination potential and associated traits under salt stress conditions as a simple approach to identify salt tolerant Sorghum varieties. There Sorghum varieties whose adaptation to various agroclimatic conditions is not well elucidated. Salinity stress was applied by addition of NaCl at three different levels of stress (100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl), while plants irrigated with water were used as controls. Evaluation of tolerance was performed on the basis of germination percentage, shoot and seed water absorbance, shoot and root length, leave water content, seedling total chlorophyll content and morphologic abnormality. Our results showed that salinity stress significantly impacts all features associated with germination and early development of seedlings. Our results indicated that that salinity stress substantially affects all traits associated with germination and early seedling growth, with the effect of salinity being dependent on the variety used and level of salinity stress applied. Among the tested Sorghum varieties, Gadam was established to the most salt tolerant variety, suggesting its potential use for cultivation under salinity stress conditions as well as its suitability for use as germplasm material in future Sorghum breeding programmes. For a greater insight into comprehensive mechanisms of salinity tolerance in Sorghum, we suggest further research on genomic and molecular analysis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench] Varieties in Response Salinity Stress

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilton Mbinda ◽  
Musa Kimtai
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Control Evaluation ◽  
Plant Life Cycle

Salinity is among the most severe and widespread environmental constrains to global crop production, especially in arid and semi-arid climates and negatively affecting productivity of salt sensitive crop species. Breeding and selection of salt tolerant crop varieties is therefore necessary for sustainable plant productivity. Given that germination and seeding phases are the most critical phase in the plant life cycle, this study aimed to evaluate seed germination potential and associated traits under salt stress conditions as a simple approach to identify salt tolerant sorghum varieties [Gadam, Sc Sila and Serena] which are adaptated to various agroecological regions. Salinity stress was applied by addition of NaCl at three different levels of stress [100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl], while plants irrigated with water were used as control. Evaluation of tolerance was performed on the basis of germination percentage, shoot and seed water absorbance, shoot and root length, leave water content, seedling total chlorophyll content and morphologic abnormality. Our results showed that salinity stress significantly impacts all features associated with germination and early development of seedlings. Our results indicated that salinity stress substantially affects all traits associated with germination and early seedling growth, with the effect of salinity being dependent on the variety used and level of salinity stress applied. Among the tested sorghum varieties, Gadam was established to the most salt tolerant variety, suggesting its potential use for cultivation under salinity stress conditions as well as its suitability for use as germplasm material in future sorghum breeding programmes. For a greater insight into comprehensive mechanisms of salinity tolerance in sorghum, we suggest further research on genomic and molecular analysis.

scholarly journals Varietal differences in physiological and biochemical responses to salinity stress in six finger millet plants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asunta Mukami ◽  
Alex Ng’etich ◽  
Easter Syombua ◽  
Richard Oduor ◽  
Wilton Mbinda
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
Agroecological Zones ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

AbstractFinger millet is one of the most important cereals that are often grown in semiarid and arid regions of East-Africa. Salinity is known to be a major impediment for the crop growth and production. This study was aimed to understand the mechanisms of physiological and biochemical responses to salinity stress of Kenyan finger millet varieties (GBK043137, GBK043128, GBK043124, GBK043122, GBK043094, GBK043050) grown across different agroecological zones under NaCl-induced salinity stress. Seeds were germinated on the sterile soil and treated using various concentrations of NaCl (100, 200 and 300 mM) for two weeks. Again, the early-seedling stage of germinated plants was irrigated with the same salt concentrations for 60 days. Results indicated depression in germination percentage, shoot and root growth rate, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content contents, leaf K+ concentration, and leaf K+/Na+ ratios increased salt levels. Contrary, proline and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents reduced sugar content and leaf total proteins. At the same time, the leaf Na+ and Cl− amounts of all plants increased substantially with rising stress levels. Clustering analysis revealed that GBK043094 and GBK043137 were placed together and identified as salt-tolerant varieties based on their performance under salt stress. Overall, our findings indicated a significant varietal variability for most of the parameters analysed. These superior varieties identified could be potentially used as promising genetic resources in future breeding programmes development directed towards salt-tolerant finger millet hybrids. Further analysis at genomic level need to be undertaken to better understand the genetic factors that promote salinity tolerance in finger millet.

scholarly journals Antioxidative and Metabolic Contribution to Salinity Stress Responses in Two Rapeseed Cultivars during the Early Seedling Stage

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1227
Author(s):  
Ali Mahmoud El-Badri ◽  
Maria Batool ◽  
Ibrahim A. A. Mohamed ◽  
Zongkai Wang ◽  
Ahmed Khatab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Early Seedling

Measuring metabolite patterns and antioxidant ability is vital to understanding the physiological and molecular responses of plants under salinity. A morphological analysis of five rapeseed cultivars showed that Yangyou 9 and Zhongshuang 11 were the most salt-tolerant and -sensitive, respectively. In Yangyou 9, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were minimized by the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) for scavenging of over-accumulated ROS under salinity stress. Furthermore, Yangyou 9 showed a significantly higher positive correlation with photosynthetic pigments, osmolyte accumulation, and an adjusted Na+/K+ ratio to improve salt tolerance compared to Zhongshuang 11. Out of 332 compounds identified in the metabolic profile, 225 metabolites were filtrated according to p < 0.05, and 47 metabolites responded to salt stress within tolerant and sensitive cultivars during the studied time, whereas 16 and 9 metabolic compounds accumulated during 12 and 24 h, respectively, in Yangyou 9 after being sown in salt treatment, including fatty acids, amino acids, and flavonoids. These metabolites are relevant to metabolic pathways (amino acid, sucrose, flavonoid metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), which accumulated as a response to salinity stress. Thus, Yangyou 9, as a tolerant cultivar, showed improved antioxidant enzyme activity and higher metabolite accumulation, which enhances its tolerance against salinity. This work aids in elucidating the essential cellular metabolic changes in response to salt stress in rapeseed cultivars during seed germination. Meanwhile, the identified metabolites can act as biomarkers to characterize plant performance in breeding programs under salt stress. This comprehensive study of the metabolomics and antioxidant activities of Brassica napus L. during the early seedling stage is of great reference value for plant breeders to develop salt-tolerant rapeseed cultivars.

scholarly journals Potasssium chloride as a nutrient seed primer to enhance salt‑tolerance in maize

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1181-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badar‑uz‑Zaman ◽  
Arshad Ali ◽  
Syed Ishtiaq Hyder ◽  
Muhammad Arshadullah ◽  
Saqib Umar Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Mean Germination Time ◽  
Muriate Of Potash

The objective of this work was to determine if KCl could be a useful nutrient primer for safe seed germination in maize crop under salt stress conditions. Seed priming was done using 50 mmol L‑1 of muriate of potash, and germination and seedling growth were evaluated after salt stress with NaCl up to 50 mmol L‑1. Another set of seeds was tested under the same salt stress conditions without priming. Under salinity stress, germination percentage, germination rate index, germination coefficient, and seedling vigor indexes were higher in primed seeds. In unprimed seeds, mean germination time increased, while the germination rate index and the fresh and dry matter mass decreased more sharply with salinity stress. The Na/K ratio was higher in unprimed seeds.

scholarly journals Amelioration of Salt Tolerance in Soybean (Glycine Max. L) by Plant-Growth Promoting Endophytic Bacteria Produce 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylase Deaminase

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumella Simarmata ◽  
Ngadiman Ngadiman ◽  
Saifur Rohman ◽  
Partomuan Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Soybean Seedlings

     Salinity is a major abiotic stress that can induce ethylene synthesis beyond the normal limits as plants response to stress and hence reduces crop productivity. The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase deaminase (ACCD)-producing bacteria can reduce excessive ethylene synthesis by taking ACC (ethylene precursor) as a nitrogen source. This study showed the possibility of using endophytic bacteria in order to reduce the undesirable effects of salinity. Strain Pseudomonas putida PIR3C and Roultella terrigena PCM8 exhibited promising performance for promoting the growth of plant under salinity stress conditions. The results showed that bacterial inoculation was effective even in the presence of higher salinity levels. Strain P. putida PIR3C was the most efficient strain compared to the other strains and significantly increased shoot length, root length, dry weight, germination percentage, and reduced stem diameter. The role of ACCD in reducing ethylene production under salinity stress conditions was also studied by measuring the evolution of ethylene in vitro by soybean seeds treated with some ACCD bacterial strain. The maximum ethylene lowering capacity was observed in R. terrigena PCM8, the strain reduced ethylene production from 622.81 nmol.g-1(control) to 352.78 nmol.g-1 (43% reduction). The production of α-ketobutyrate, chlorophyll content and germination percentage from P. putida PIR3C was higher than other strains. The results suggested that strain P. putida PIR3C and R. terrigena PCM8 can be employed for salinity tolerance in soybean seedlings and may have better prospects for an amelioration of stress condition.

Effects of temperature and salinity on the germination of Puccinellia ciliata (Bor) cv. Menemen

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Myers ◽  
DI Couper
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Osmotic Effect ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Puccinecia ciliata is a salt-tolerant, winter-growing grass. The responses of germination of P. ciliata to salinity and temperature were investigated. With a day/night temperature regime of 25/15�C, the final germination percentage of P. ciliata in distilled water was 54%, and was not significantly affected by salinities up to 87 mol m NaCl (osmotic potential, =, -0.4 MPa), but decreased to 5.2% in 260 mol m-3 NaCl (=, -1.2 MPa). The n at which the final germination percentage was reduced by 5O0/n of that in distilled water was about -0.5 MPa, which was similar to that of Lolium perenne. However, for L. perenne, the final germination percentage decreased more rapidly with increasing salinity and from a higher value in distilled water (97%) compared with P. ciliata. Germination of P. ciliata was completely inhibited at constant 33�C and was low (<20%) where day temperature was 30�C and night temperature was greater than or equal to 17�C. Maximum germination was observed where day and night temperatures were between 17 and 24�C, but were not equal. The rate of germination decreased with increasing salinity and was maximal at temperatures between 17�C and 24�C. The reduction in the final germination percentage in NaCl solution was apparently an osmotic effect since the final germination percentage in iso-osmotic solutions of mannitol, polyethylene glycol, NaCl, KC1 and KNO3 were similar. P. ciliala and L. perenne were more salt sensitive during germination than during early seedling growth; for 35-day-old seedlings, shoot dry weight was reduced by 50% of that of the nonsaline treatment when irrigated with solution with = of -0.75 MPa for L. perenne and - 1.25 MPa for P. ciliala.

scholarly journals Agro-Physiologic Responses and Stress-Related Gene Expression of Four Doubled Haploid Wheat Lines under Salinity Stress Conditions

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Al-Ashkar ◽  
Walid Ben Romdhane ◽  
Rania A. El-Said ◽  
Abdelhalim Ghazy ◽  
Kotb Attia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Doubled Haploid ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Doubled Haploid Lines

Salinity majorly hinders horizontal and vertical expansion in worldwide wheat production. Productivity can be enhanced using salt-tolerant wheat genotypes. However, the assessment of salt tolerance potential in bread wheat doubled haploid lines (DHL) through agro-physiological traits and stress-related gene expression analysis could potentially minimize the cost of breeding programs and be a powerful way for the selection of the most salt-tolerant genotype. We used an extensive set of agro-physiologic parameters and salt-stress-related gene expressions. Multivariate analysis was used to detect phenotypic and genetic variations of wheat genotypes more closely under salinity stress, and we analyzed how these strategies effectively balance each other. Four doubled haploid lines (DHLs) and the check cultivar (Sakha93) were evaluated in two salinity levels (without and 150 mM NaCl) until harvest. The five genotypes showed reduced growth under 150 mM NaCl; however, the check cultivar (Sakha93) died at the beginning of the flowering stage. Salt stress induced reduction traits, except the canopy temperature and initial electrical conductivity, which was found in each of the five genotypes, with the greatest decline occurring in the check cultivar (Sakha-93) and the least decline in DHL2. The genotypes DHL21 and DHL5 exhibited increased expression rate of salt-stress-related genes (TaNHX1, TaHKT1, and TaCAT1) compared with DHL2 and Sakha93 under salt stress conditions. Principle component analysis detection of the first two components explains 70.78% of the overall variation of all traits (28 out of 32 traits). A multiple linear regression model and path coefficient analysis showed a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.93. The models identified two interpretive variables, number of spikelets, and/or number of kernels, which can be unbiased traits for assessing wheat DHLs under salinity stress conditions, given their contribution and direct impact on the grain yield.

scholarly journals Early Growth Behaviour of Wheat Genotypes as Affected by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG-6000)

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-174
Author(s):  
Haji Muhammad Umer Memon ◽  
Mahboob Ali Sial ◽  
Hadi Bux ◽  
Sher Muhammad Mangrio ◽  
Muhammad Umar Dahot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Peg 6000 ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Length Reduction

Polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) is often used for the early establishment screening of the wheatgenotypes against drought stress conditions. A collection of twenty-one newly developed bread wheatgenotypes (developed through conventional and mutational breeding techniques) and four commercial droughttolerant check varieties were included in screening at seedling stage under three treatments of PEG-6000;T1 (0.5 MPa) and T2 (0.75 MPa) along with control T3 (distill water only). Three important early growthestablishment traits like germination percentage, root length and shoot length of the wheat genotypes wereobserved. Significant variation among genotypic means regarding the observed traits was recorded at boththe treatments. Wheat genotypes performance including check varieties for germination percentages wasrecorded as T1 (86.1%), T2 (72.4%) with reduction percentage of 12.5% and 33.8%. Root length of genotypesdecreased by 37.0% in 0.5 MPa and 82.75% in 0.75 MPa, whereas, shoot length reduction was recorded as38.9% (T1) and 84.6% (T2) as compared to control. This study provided essential information about theperformance of advanced wheat genotypes under water stress conditions at early seedling establishment.

scholarly journals MGIDI and WAASB indices: The useful approaches for selection of salt-tolerant barley genotype at the early growth and maturity stages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh ◽  
Sara Sanjani ◽  
Hamidreza Nikkhah Chaman-Abad ◽  
Mohammad Reza Mehrvar ◽  
Ameneh Asadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Early Growth Stage ◽  
Barley Genotypes

Abstract Salinity stress is one of the major limiting abiotic stresses that decrease crop production worldwide. To recommend genotypes for cultivation under saline stress conditions, comprehensive understanding of genetic basis and plant responses to this stress is need. In the present study, a total of 20 barley genotypes were investigated to isolate potential salt-tolerant genotypes at the early growth stage using hydroponic system, and adult plant under field conditions. Different growth and physiological traits including root fresh and dry weights (RFW and RDW), shoot fresh and dry weights (SFW and SDW), relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD index), root and shoot Na+ (RN and SN), root and shoot K+ (RK and SK), root and shoot K+:Na+ ratios (RKN and SKN), root-to-shoot Na+ translocation (RTSN), root-to-shoot K+ translocation (RTSK), stomatal conductance (GS), transpiration rate (TE), and photosynthesis rate (PN) were measured. Barley seedling were treated with two salinity levels (0 mM NaCl (as control conditions) and 200 mM NaCl (as stress conditions)) for 30 days. Moreover, the yield performance and stability of investigated barley genotypes were evaluated across five environments during the 2018–2020 cropping seasons. Salinity stress significantly decreased growth and physiological traits in all seedling plants; however, some salt-tolerant genotypes showed the lowest reduction in measured traits. Multivariate analysis grouped measured traits and tested genotypes into different clusters. The multi-trait genotype–ideotype distance index (MGIDI) selected genotypes G12, G14, G6, G7, and G16 as the salt-tolerant barley genotypes. Considering the results of the AMMI analysis showed that grain yields of tested barley genotypes were influenced by environment (E), genotype (G) and GE interaction effects. Based on the weighted average of absolute scores of the genotype index (WAASB) and other stability statistics, G7, G8, G14, and G16 were selected as superior genotypes. Considering the outputs of MGIDI and WAASB indices revealed that three genotypes G7, G14 and G16 can be recommended as new genetic resources for improving and stabilizing grain yield in barley programs for the moderate climate and saline regions of Iran. In conclusion, our results suggest that the using MGIDI index in the early growth stage can accelerate screening nurseries in barley breeding programs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Rice Genotypes for Salinity Tolerance at Reproductive Stage Using Phenotypic and Molecular Markers

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Anuj Kumar ◽  
D. K. Dwivedi ◽  
Pradeep K. Bharti ◽  
Vineeta Singh ◽  
Preeti Kumari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Saline Condition ◽  
Panicle Length ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Environmental Constraint ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
Variance Estimates

Rice is the single largest source of food energy for more than half of the world’s population. Salinity may be a serious environmental constraint to crop production. Salinity screening of twenty rice genotypes were performed at the reproductive stages, in the net house of department of PMB&GE. Phenotyping of the genotypes was done at EC 12dS/m at reproductive stage in net house. Most desirable genotypes days to 50% flowering were IR-68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120, CSR-13, FL-478, NDR-359, AYYAR and NUD-2, SAMBHA MANSURI and MTU-1010; for plant height IR-68144-2B-2-2-3-1-127, NUD-3, NUD-2, NDRK-2008, IR-91171-66-3-2-1-3, SAMBHA MANSURI, TARAMON and  MTU-1010; for panicle bearing tillers/plant FL-478, NDR-359 and SWARNA; for panicle length IR-68144-2B-2-2-3-1-127, IR-91167-99-1-1-1-3, IR-29, FL-478, NDRK-2008 and IR-92953-49-1-3; for spikelets/panicle IR-91167-99-1-1-1-3, NDRK-2008, SWARNA , IR-92953-49-1-3, IR-91171-66-3-2-1-3, IR-83668-35-2-2-2 and MTU-1010; for grains/panicle SWARNA, IR-92953-49-1-3, IR-91171-66-3-2-1-3, IR-83668-35-2-2-2, NDRK-2008 and MTU-1010 for spikelet fertility % NUD-3, IR-29, FL-478, NDRK-2008, SWARNA, IR-91171-66-3-2-1-3 and IR-83668-35-2-2-2; for test weight  NUD-3, NDRK-2008, IR-29 and SWARNA for biological yield/plant AYYAR, TARAMON and NUD-3; for harvest index FL-478, IR-68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120, IR-91167-133-1-1-2-3 and NUD-2; for Na+ NUD-3 and FL-478; for K+ IR-91167-133-1-1-2-3, NDR-359 and MTU-1010; for Na+/K+ IR-68144-2B-2-2-3-1-127, IR-91167-99-1-1-1-3, NUD-3, FL-478, IR-64 and SAMBHA MANSURI; for grain yield/ plant (g) AYYAR and FL-478  were reported highly significant in mean performance for yield and its components traits. Analysis of variance, estimates of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, estimates of heritability and genetic advance in percent of mean were recorded for all the characters among 20 rice genotypes in saline condition. Molecular analysis with SSR markers differentiates the rice genotypes into tolerant and susceptible based on banding pattern. The tolerant rice genotypes were NUD 3, IR-68144-2B-2-2-3-166, IR68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120, IR68100-2B-2-2-3-1-127, IR-1167-31-3-1-33 and IR-91171-66-3-2-1-3 and susceptible were NDR-359, Taramon, MTU-1010,  Swarna and IR-64. The identified salt tolerant genotypes can be potential germplasm sources for future breeding programmes.

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