scholarly journals Spatial clustering of inhibition in mouse primary visual cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawan Bista ◽  
Rinaldo D. D’Souza ◽  
Andrew M. Meier ◽  
Weiqing Ji ◽  
Andreas Burkhalter
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor ◽  
Feature Maps ◽  
Lateral Posterior ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex ◽  
Relative Excitation

SUMMARYWhether mouse visual cortex contains orderly feature maps is debated. The overlapping pattern of geniculocortical (dLGN) inputs with M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-rich patches in layer 1 (L1) suggests a non-random architecture. Here, we found that L1 inputs from the lateral posterior thalamus (LP) avoid patches and target interpatches. Channelrhodopsin-assisted mapping of EPSCs in L2/3 shows that the relative excitation of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVs) and pyramidal neurons (PNs) by dLGN, LP and cortical feedback are distinct and depend on whether the neurons reside in clusters aligned with patches or interpatches. Paired recordings from PVs and PNs shows that unitary IPSCs are larger in interpatches than patches. The spatial clustering of inhibition is matched by dense clustering of PV-terminals in interpatches. The results show that the excitation/inhibition balance across V1 is organized into patch and interpatch subnetworks which receive distinct long-range inputs and are specialized for the processing of distinct spatiotemporal features.

scholarly journals Spatial Clustering of Inhibition in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Neuron ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 588-600.e5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinaldo D. D’Souza ◽  
Pawan Bista ◽  
Andrew M. Meier ◽  
Weiqing Ji ◽  
Andreas Burkhalter
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Clustering

scholarly journals S100β‐mediated astroglial control of firing and input processing in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the mouse visual cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Ryczko ◽  
Maroua Hanini‐Daoud ◽  
Steven Condamine ◽  
Benjamin J. B. Bréant ◽  
Maxime Fougère ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Input Processing ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex

scholarly journals A Disinhibitory Circuit for Contextual Modulation in Primary Visual Cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas J. Keller ◽  
Mario Dipoppa ◽  
Morgane M. Roth ◽  
Matthew S. Caudill ◽  
Alessandro Ingrosso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Contextual Modulation ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Excitatory Neurons ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex

Context guides perception by influencing the saliency of sensory stimuli. Accordingly, in visual cortex, responses to a stimulus are modulated by context, the visual scene surrounding the stimulus. Responses are suppressed when stimulus and surround are similar but not when they differ. The mechanisms that remove suppression when stimulus and surround differ remain unclear. Here we use optical recordings, manipulations, and computational modelling to show that a disinhibitory circuit consisting of vasoactive-intestinal-peptide-expressing (VIP) and somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory neurons modulates responses in mouse visual cortex depending on the similarity between stimulus and surround. When the stimulus and the surround are similar, VIP neurons are inactive and SOM neurons suppress excitatory neurons. However, when the stimulus and the surround differ, VIP neurons are active, thereby inhibiting SOM neurons and relieving excitatory neurons from suppression. We have identified a canonical cortical disinhibitory circuit which contributes to contextual modulation and may regulate perceptual saliency.

scholarly journals Spontaneous retinal waves generate long-range horizontal connectivity in visual cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinwoo Kim ◽  
Min Song ◽  
Se-Bum Paik
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
List Type ◽  
Retinal Waves ◽  
Horizontal Connections ◽  
Eye Opening

AbstractIn the primary visual cortex (V1) of higher mammals, long-range horizontal connections (LHCs) are observed to develop, linking iso-orientation domains of cortical tuning. It is unknown how this feature-specific wiring of circuitry develops before eye opening. Here, we show that LHCs in V1 may originate from spatio-temporally structured feedforward activities generated from spontaneous retinal waves. Using model simulations based on the anatomy and observed activity patterns of the retina, we show that waves propagating in retinal mosaics can initialize the wiring of LHCs by co-activating neurons of similar tuning, whereas equivalent random activities cannot induce such organizations. Simulations showed that emerged LHCs can produce the patterned activities observed in V1, matching topography of the underlying orientation map. We also confirmed that the model can also reproduce orientation-specific microcircuits in salt-and-pepper organizations in rodents. Our results imply that early peripheral activities contribute significantly to cortical development of functional circuits.HighlightsDevelopmental model of long-range horizontal connections (LHCs) in V1 is simulatedSpontaneous retinal waves generate feature-specific wiring of LHCs in visual cortexEmerged LHCs induce orientation-matching patterns of spontaneous cortical activityRetinal waves induce orientation-specific microcircuits of visual cortex in rodentsSignificance statementLong-range horizontal connections (LHCs) in the primary visual cortex (V1) are observed to emerge before the onset of visual experience, selectively connecting iso-domains of orientation maps. However, it is unknown how such tuning-specific wirings develop before eye-opening. Here, we show that LHCs in V1 originate from the tuning-specific activation of cortical neurons by spontaneous retinal waves during early developmental stages. Our simulations of a visual cortex model show that feedforward activities from the retina initialize the spatial organization of activity patterns in V1, which induces visual feature-specific wirings of V1 neurons. Our model also explains the origin of cortical microcircuits observed in rodents, suggesting that the proposed developmental mechanism is applicable universally to circuits of various mammalian species.

scholarly journals Orientation tuning depends on spatial frequency in mouse visual cortex

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inbal Ayzenshtat ◽  
Jesse Jackson ◽  
Rafael Yuste
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Orientation Selectivity ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex

AbstractThe response properties of neurons to sensory stimuli have been used to identify their receptive fields and functionally map sensory systems. In primary visual cortex, most neurons are selective to a particular orientation and spatial frequency of the visual stimulus. Using two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal populations from the primary visual cortex of mice, we have characterized the response properties of neurons to various orientations and spatial frequencies. Surprisingly, we found that the orientation selectivity of neurons actually depends on the spatial frequency of the stimulus. This dependence can be easily explained if one assumed spatially asymmetric Gabor-type receptive fields. We propose that receptive fields of neurons in layer 2/3 of visual cortex are indeed spatially asymmetric, and that this asymmetry could be used effectively by the visual system to encode natural scenes.Significance StatementIn this manuscript we demonstrate that the orientation selectivity of neurons in primary visual cortex of mouse is highly dependent on the stimulus SF. This dependence is realized quantitatively in a decrease in the selectivity strength of cells in non-optimum SF, and more importantly, it is also evident qualitatively in a shift in the preferred orientation of cells in non-optimum SF. We show that a receptive-field model of a 2D asymmetric Gabor, rather than a symmetric one, can explain this surprising observation. Therefore, we propose that the receptive fields of neurons in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex are spatially asymmetric and this asymmetry could be used effectively by the visual system to encode natural scenes.Highlights–Orientation selectivity is dependent on spatial frequency.–Asymmetric Gabor model can explain this dependence.

scholarly journals VIP interneurons in mouse primary visual cortex selectively enhance responses to weak but specific stimuli

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J Millman ◽  
Gabriel Koch Ocker ◽  
Shiella Caldejon ◽  
India Kato ◽  
Josh D Larkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Visual Coding ◽  
Mutual Antagonism ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Highly Correlated

Vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons in the cortex regulate feedback inhibition of pyramidal neurons through suppression of somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons and, reciprocally, SST neurons inhibit VIP neurons. Although VIP neuron activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) of mouse is highly correlated with locomotion, the relevance of locomotion-related VIP neuron activity to visual coding is not known. Here we show that VIP neurons in mouse V1 respond strongly to low contrast front-to-back motion that is congruent with self-motion during locomotion but are suppressed by other directions and contrasts. VIP and SST neurons have complementary contrast tuning. Layer 2/3 contains a substantially larger population of low contrast preferring pyramidal neurons than deeper layers, and layer 2/3 (but not deeper layer) pyramidal neurons show bias for front-to-back motion specifically at low contrast. Network modeling indicates that VIP-SST mutual antagonism regulates the gain of the cortex to achieve sensitivity to specific weak stimuli without compromising network stability.

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