scholarly journals Conditioned place avoidance using encapsulated calcium propionate as an appetite suppressant for broiler breeders Conditioned place avoidance and calcium propionate

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aitor Arrazola ◽  
Stephanie Torrey
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Broiler Breeders ◽  
Appetite Suppressant ◽  
Conditioned Place Avoidance ◽  
Place Avoidance ◽  
Calcium Propionate ◽  
Negative Affective State

AbstractBroiler breeders, the parent stock of meat chicks, are feed-restricte throughout rearing to avoid obesity-related problems in their health and reproductive performance. Broiler breeders often show signs of chronic hunger, lack of satiety and feeding frustration, and the development of alternative feeding strategies has investigated the inclusion of calcium propionate (CaP) as an appetite suppressant. However, the mechanisms involved in the reduction of voluntary feed intake are unknown, but are thought to be due to low palatability, gastrointestinal discomfort, or both. The objective of this experiment was to examine the effect of CaP as an appetite suppressant on the experience of a negative affective state, using a conditioned place preference test. Twenty four broiler breeders were trained to associate the consumption of CaP or a placebo pill with a red or blue place, depending on inherent colour preference. Pullets consumed two pills followed by 20 g feed allotment. The CaP pill contained 160 mg of CaP and the placebo pill had 160 mg of feed. Conditioning lasted for 90 min/pullet/day over 8 consecutive days at 7 and 9 weeks of age, and pullets’ choice was tested in a T-maze twice on two consecutive days at both 8 and 10 weeks of age. Data were analysed using a linear mixed regression model, with pen nested in the model and age as a repeated measure. Pullets were less likely to choose the place conditioned with the consumption of CaP (P<0.05) and the preference of the placebo linearly increased with training sessions (P<0.05). These results suggest that calcium propionate as an appetite suppressant can induce a negative affective state, with the lower feed intake resulting from a conditioned response to the negative effect of calcium propionate rather than to satiety.

Effects of Sericea Lespedeza on Feed Intake, Digestion, and Ruminal Methane Emission in Hair Sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 41-41
Author(s):  
Luana L Ribeiro ◽  
Ryszard Puchala ◽  
Arthur L Goetsch
Keyword(s):  
Methane Emission ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Lespedeza Cuneata ◽  
Hair Sheep ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Sericea Lespedeza

Abstract Eighteen Katahdin (initial body weight of 74 kg; SEM=1.8) and 18 St. Croix ewes (55 kg; SEM=1.3) were used in an experiment with four 6-wk periods to determine effects of dietary level of Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) containing 5.8% condensed tannins (dry matter; DM) and other supplemental ingredients on feed intake, digestion, and ruminal methane emission. Diets were consumed ad libitum and included a concentrate supplement at 0.45% BW (DM). Alfalfa was the basal forage for control (CON), ionophore (ION; lasalocid at 33 mg/kg DM), coconut oil (3%; CCO), and soybean oil (3%; SBO) diets, and forage in moderate- and high-lespedeza diets was a 1:1 mixture of alfalfa and lespedeza and all lespedeza, respectively (MSL and HSL, respectively). Data were analyzed with a 2 x 6 factorial arrangement of treatments, period as a repeated measure, and a mixed effects model. Digestion and methane emission were determined in weeks 4, 10, 16, and 22. Total DM intake was similar among treatments (P = 0.070) but numerically greatest for HSL (1,197, 1,297, 1,491, 1,203, 1,195, and 1,207 g/d; SEM=81.1), OM digestibility ranked (P &lt; 0.05) CON, ION, CCO, and SBO &gt; MSL &gt; HSL (69.2, 57.6, 50.3, 66.3, 66.0, and 68.7%; SEM=1.57), and digestible OM intake was similar among treatments (P = 0.517; 697, 607, 589, 598, 635, and 690 g/d for CON, MSL, HSL, ION, CCO, and SBO, respectively; SEM=50.4). There were no interactions involving time in ruminal methane emission, which was greatest among treatments for CON (P &lt; 0.05) in MJ/d (1.39, 0.93, 0.90, 0.92, 0.85, and 0.96; SEM=0.069) and relative to digestible energy intake (20.6, 15.7, 16.8, 16.1, 13.7, and 13.9% for CON, MSL, HSL, ION, CCO, and SBO, respectively; SEM=1.223). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of Sericea lespedeza may offer a natural and sustainable means of decreasing ruminal methane emission by hair sheep as previously shown in goats, with a magnitude of impact similar to that of some other supplemental dietary ingredients.

scholarly journals The Effect of Human–Horse Interactions on Equine Behaviour, Physiology, and Welfare: A Scoping Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2782
Author(s):  
Katherine Jennifer Kelly ◽  
Laurie Anne McDuffee ◽  
Kimberly Mears
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Positive Affective State ◽  
Permanent Effect ◽  
Equine Welfare ◽  
Equine Industry ◽  
Negative Affective State

Human–horse interactions (HHIs) are diverse and prominent in the equine industry. Stakeholders have an invested interest in making sure that HHIs are humane. Assessment of equine welfare goes beyond physical health and includes assessment of the emotional state of the animal. HHIs can have a permanent effect on human–horse relationships, thereby influencing welfare. Therefore, an understanding of the horse’s affective state during HHIs is necessary. A scoping review was conducted to: (1) map current practices related to the measurement of HHIs; (2) explore the known effects of HHIs on horse behaviour and physiology; and (3) clarify the connection between HHIs and equine welfare. A total of 45 articles were included in this review. Studies that used both physiological and behavioural measures of equine response to human interactions accounted for 42% of the included studies. A further 31% exclusively used physiological measures and 27% used behavioural observation. Current evidence of equine welfare during HHIs is minimal and largely based on the absence of a negative affective state during imposed interactions. Broadening the scope of methods to evaluate a positive affective state and standardization of methodology to assess these states would improve the overall understanding of the horse’s welfare during HHIs.

Time stamp in conditioned place avoidance can be set to different circadian phases

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean W. Cain ◽  
Robert J. McDonald ◽  
Martin R. Ralph
Keyword(s):  
Time Stamp ◽  
Conditioned Place Avoidance ◽  
Place Avoidance

Feeding strategies during the lactation period for first-parity sows

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Genest ◽  
S. D'Allaire
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Body Reserves ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Meal Time

The effects of different feeding regimes during the lactation period on feed intake, body reserves and sow performance were evaluated. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used and 183 first-parity sows were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: sows were fed either two or three meals per day with (wet feed) or without (dry feed) supplemental water at meal time. Primrparous sows were fed ad libitum 12–16 h after parturition. The addition of water at meal time increased (P < 0.01) feed consumption by 5% over the 18-d lactation period. Increased feeding frequency did not influence feed intake. During the first week of lactation, most sows gained weight, but thereafter lost weight, with the rate of weight loss reaching a peak during the last week of lactation. Although feed intake was influenced only by wet feeding, both an increased frequency of daily meals and the use of wet feeding reduced mobilization of body reserves. Wet-fed sows lost less weight than dry-fed sows and the increased feeding frequency reduced backfat loss. Average daily gain of piglets, percentage of sows with a weaning-to-estrus interval of less than 7 d, farrowing rate, and parity-2 litter size were similar among the four groups. A lack of significant improvement in sow performance with different regimes may be partly related to a generally high feed intake and minimal weight and backfat losses. Although our results failed to show a benefit on sow performance, we believe that some of the feeding strategies evaluated could be useful during periods in which sows eat less, such as in the summer, or in some herds that have feed consumption problems. Key words: Sow, feed intake, weight, backfat, reproductive performance

Amygdala priming results in conditioned place avoidance

2002 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley K. Thielen ◽  
Anantha Shekhar
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Place Avoidance ◽  
Place Avoidance

Effect of dietary magnesium supplementation in alleviating stress associated with road transportation in weaned lambs

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Pye ◽  
R. E. Doyle ◽  
M. A. Friend ◽  
M. S. Bhanugopan
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Road Transportation

Magnesium (Mg) supplementation has shown to modulate the stress responses to transport in other species. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of Mg for alleviating stress associated with road transportation in lambs. Two groups (n = 18 each) of 4-month old male crossbred lambs (24 ± 4.5 kg) were fed a basal diet comprising oaten hay, pellets and barley, that contained 0.17% Mg. One group was supplemented with magnesium oxide, such that dietary Mg was 0.41%. At the end of the 2-week supplementation period, the lambs were transported by road for 8 h. Blood samples were collected before supplementation, 1 h before transport, within 0.5 h post-transport, at 2 h post-transport and 5 days post-transport. Data were analysed using a repeated-measure analysis of variance and linear mixed model with treatment within time interaction. Supplementation with dietary Mg in the form of MgO increased serum Mg concentrations (1.16 mmol/L ± 0.012, compared with 1.09 mmol/L ± 0.013 in the control group; P < 0.05), but had no effect on alleviating stress during transportation. Transport resulted in a significant increase in serum cortisol, which returned to pre-transport levels 2 h after transport. The serum β-hydroxybutyrate was significantly higher 5 days after transport. The post-transport average feed intake and the average daily gain were significantly lower than pre-transport values, suggesting that the stress of transportation resulted in a decrease in feed intake post-transport, which could have implications on liveweight gain of animals after transportation.

Pronociceptive effects of a TRPA1 channel agonist methylglyoxal in healthy control and diabetic animals

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-260
Author(s):  
Hanna Viisanen ◽  
Maria Lasierra ◽  
Hong Wei ◽  
Ari Koivisto ◽  
Karl E. Åkerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pain Behavior ◽  
Drg Neurons ◽  
Mechanical Hypersensitivity ◽  
Conditioned Place Avoidance ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Place Avoidance ◽  
Ongoing Pain ◽  
Endogenous Release

Abstract Aims Methylglyoxal (MG), a reactive carbonyl compound generated in diabetes mellitus (DM), activates the TRPA1 ion channel. Here we studied whether MG induces mechanical hypersensitivity or ongoing pain and whether the pronociceptive effect of MG is changed following its sustained endogenous release in DM. Methods DM was induced by streptozotocin (50-60 mg/kg i.p.) in the rat. MG and Chembridge-5861528 (CHEM), a selective TRPA1 channel antagonist, were administered intraplantarly (i.pl.) in control and diabetic animals. Limb withdrawal to monofilaments was used as an index of hypersensitivity, and observation of sustained pain-like behavior and conditioned place-avoidance test were used to assess ongoing pain. In vitro calcium imaging was used to study whether MG induces sustained activation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of diabetic as well as control animals. Results MG produced mechanical hypersensitivity and ongoing pain behavior in control animals, which effects were reduced in diabetic animals. CHEM treatment at a dose suppressing the MG-induced mechanical hypersensitivity failed to suppress the MG-induced ongoing pain behavior. MG was able to produce sustained calcium inflow in DRG neurons of DM as well as control animals. Conclusions The results suggest that MG induces hypersensitivity and ongoing pain that are reduced in diabetes mellitus, possibly due to changes caused by the DM-induced sustained endogenous release of MG. Moreover, the MG-induced mechanical hypersensitivity can be more effectively reversed by a TRPA1 antagonist than the MG-induced ongoing pain behavior.

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