scholarly journals Frank-Starling law and Bowditch phenomenon may have the common theoretical grounds

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Kamnev

AbstractThe relationship between two different linear dimensions of the chamber (ventricle) and the two respective values of the force of contraction (which are applied to the imaginary piston in order to accelerate the initial venous inflow) is deduced as the ratio of forces which is equal to the ratio of squares of linear dimensions of the chamber; the equation is valid when the durations of both contractions (systoles) are identical. The relationship corresponds to Frank-Starling law (the right limb of parabola can be approximated to the direct proportionality of the law). When the durations of systoles are different the ratio of forces is equal to the inverse ratio of durations of systoles; the inverse proportionality permits to interpret the Bowditch phenomenon by means of the ascending asymptote of hyperbole. Stepwise shortening of systole is impossible due to extremely narrow range of variable (duration of systole), hence the shift of variable can be realized only as a leap; this leap is accompanied by the enormous rise of function (force of contraction) which can be accommodated to several contractions. Homoiometric regulation can be considered a safety device (presumably in the form of paroxysmal tachycardia with the shortened systole) in the case when heterometric regulation lacks to produce the adequate force of contraction in response to excessively distended chamber.

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3440 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1323-1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M Berends ◽  
Raymond van Ee ◽  
Casper J Erkelens

It has been well established that vertical disparity is involved in perception of the three-dimensional layout of a visual scene. The goal of this paper was to examine whether vertical disparities can alter perceived direction. We dissociated the common relationship between vertical disparity and the stimulus direction by applying a vertical magnification to the image presented to one eye. We used a staircase paradigm to measure whether perceived straight-ahead depended on the amount of vertical magnification in the stimulus. Subjects judged whether a test dot was flashed to either the left or the right side of straight-ahead. We found that perceived straight-ahead did indeed depend on the amount of vertical magnification but only after subjects adapted (for 5 min) to vertical scale (and only in five out of nine subjects). We argue that vertical disparity is a factor in the calibration of the relationship between eye-position signals and perceived direction.


Author(s):  
Meier Sonja

This commentary analyses Article 11.1.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the effects of defences on the relationship between the obligee and the obligors. Under Art 11.1.4, a joint and several obligor against whom a claim is made by the obligee may assert all the defences and rights of set-off that are personal to it or that are common to all the co-obligors. However, the obligor may not assert defences or rights of set-off that are personal to one or several of the other co-obligors. This commentary discusses the common defences that the obligor can assert against the obligee, along with personal defences which involve the right to avoid the contract for mistake, fraud, threat, or gross disparity.


Author(s):  
Weiping Liu ◽  
David A. Agard ◽  
John Sedat

In the electron tomographic reconstruction process the mutual alignment between projections of different view angles is a crucial step. Thus far the only alignment method routinely used is based on fiducial markers: gold particles are distributed on the specimen, and the relationship between the specimen and the digital projection coordinate systems is determined from least-square fitting the measured positions of colloidal gold beads on the projections. The inherent drawbacks with this method are that i) it is a tedious trial-and-error process to obtain the right amount of evenly distributed beads in the area of interest on the specimen and ii) the beads might obstruct the structural analysis since they are essentially opaque objects under the electron microscope (EM). The problems can become more acute if ice-embedded specimens are to be studied. The other two approaches to the alignment are the common line / moments method which requires that the object has clear boundaries in its projections and the cross-correlation method which assumes that the object has a flat structure.


2019 ◽  
pp. 265-292
Author(s):  
Ester Herlin-Karnell

This chapter explores the implications of a non-domination oriented view for understanding EU security regulation. It asks how the non-domination template fits the constitutional legal model, and what it adds for the understanding of the establishment of an ‘Area of Freedom, Security and Justice’ in the specific case of the European Union. The concept of non-domination is commonly seen as one of the most central concepts in republican theory. Therefore, this chapter looks at the relationship between coercion, which is the common term in legal vocabulary for describing force, and the concept of domination in political theory as such. It also discusses the implications of non-arbitrariness and the right to justification in a new security-related context. Specifically, this chapter links the question of security regulation to the longstanding debate in political theory on the connection between freedom and non-domination and to the constitutional debate on the formation of security regulation in Europe.


1993 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Richard Naughton

The Australian Industrial Relations Commission is under a statutorily imposed duty to act in afair manner, but with minimum resort to technical legal form. In addition, it is required to act promptly and effectively to prevent and settle industrial disputes. Some interesting questions arise concerning the relationship between this duty to act fairly and the common law principles of natural justice. This review of the subject area concludes that the two central natural justice principles (the right to a hearing and the rule against bias) are applied in a flexible manner in commission proceedings. The federal tribunal is often required to balance the strict application of these principles against a series of other factors. These might include, for example, matters like the expense, inevitable delay and procedural difficulties associated with a slavish adherence to the rules of natural justice.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouroch Bellis

Kouroch BELLIS, Contrat et responsabilité civile : pour un système juste en droit des obligations, Revue juridique Thémis de l’Université de Montréal (RJTUM), 2018, vol. 52, no 2, prépublication.RÉSUMÉAlors que le second volet de la réforme du droit français des obligations est en cours, il est utile de revenir sur les rapports entre les concepts de contrat et de responsabilité.La responsabilité contractuelle est bien fondée. Le concept et son régime juridique se retrouvent tout au long de l’histoire du droit, depuis Rome. Le gonflement de ses effets (contenu obligationnel exorbitant, étendue de la réparation…) est principalement dû au principe de non-cumul des responsabilités contractuelle et délictuelle. La seule chose qui compte est le caractère juste de la réparation des conséquences dommageables d’un manquement contractuel fautif.Par ailleurs, tout créancier doit pouvoir demander, dans un même temps, l’exécution forcée par équivalent de sa créance contractuelle. Le droit français a historiquement refusé un tel concept, mais il découle en réalité de la force obligatoire du contrat. Il découle aussi de la logique économique du contrat, puisque l’économie de marché crée du profit à partir de l’échange des biens.Le principe du concours des responsabilités délictuelle et contractuelle doit enfin être affirmé. Le principe actuel de non-cumul est néfaste et facteur d’injustice à bien des égards, notamment parce qu’il aboutit à traiter différemment des situations relativement semblables, dans le cadre d’un droit compliqué. Or, le principe de non-cumul est le fruit d’un courant doctrinal du XIXe siècle qui a émergé à partir de questions que nous avons oubliées de nos jours.La responsabilité civile est la conséquence de la violation d’une obligation civile de manière à manquer au devoir général de veiller à ne pas nuire à autrui (neminem laedere). Elle est contractuelle lorsque cette obligation est issue d’un contrat en particulier et ce qu’on appelle aujourd’hui la responsabilité délictuelle ou extracontractuelle est le droit commun de la responsabilité civile. Lorsqu’il n’y a pas de faute, le devoir de veiller à ne pas nuire à autrui entraine obligation de garantir les dommages résultant des risques pris pour autrui dans le but d’obtenir un profit personnel. Responsabilité et garantie peuvent se regrouper dans le concept d’imputabilité.ABSTRACTWhile reform of the French law of obligations is currently going through its second phase, it is useful to rethink the relationship between the concepts of contract and liability.Contractual liability is legitimate. The concept and its rules can be seen throughout legal history, since Rome. The inflation of its consequences (exorbitant obligational content, extended indemnification...) is mainly a consequence of the principle of non-cumulation of contractual and delictual liability. The only thing that counts is the fairness of indemnification of the prejudicial consequences of a wrongful breach of contract.Besides, every creditor should have the right to demand, at the same time, the “coerced execution by equivalence” (exécution forcée par equivalent) of the obligation. French law has historically rejected such a concept, but it actually stems from the obligatory force of contracts. It also flows from the economic rationale of contracts, since the market economy creates profit from the exchange of goods.The principle of conjunction of delictual and contractual liabilities must finally be asserted. The current non-cumulation principle is in many ways a factor of harm and injustice, primarily because it results in assigning different results to similar situations and unnecessarily complicates the law. Yet, the non-cumulation principle is the fruit of a doctrinal trend of the 19th century that arose from issues that we have forgotten nowadays.Civil “responsibility” (responsabilité) is the consequence of the violation of a civil obligation so that there is a breach in the general duty of care to not to do harm to others (neminem laedere). That “responsibility” is contractual when the obligation results from a particular contract and what we call nowadays delictual or extracontractual responsibility is the common law (droit commun) of civil responsibility. When there is no fault, the duty of care not to harm others brings about the obligation to “guarantee” the damages resulting from the risks imposed on others in the pursuit of personal profits. Responsibility and guarantee (garantie) can be gathered together under the concept of liability (imputabilité).


1995 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 889-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saichiro Tanaka ◽  
Yasuyuki Kimura ◽  
Mitsuru Furukawa

AbstractPseudoaneurysms of the extracranial carotid arteries are rarely seen following irradiation for cancers of the head and neck. We present a patient with a pseudoaneurysm of the common carotid artery following a radical neck dissection and irradiation for thyroid carcinoma 20 years earlier. Following oesophagoscopical examination, a pseudoaneurysm of the right common carotid artery ruptured into the piriform sinus. The common carotid artery was embolized with multiple coils and the bleeding was halted. The relationship between the carotid artery aneurysm and irradiation, and the treatment of carotid artery aneurysm, is discussed.


2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-163
Author(s):  
Agata Komendant-Brodowska

Abstract The aim of the paper is to analyse the relationship between group characteristics and the scope of reaction of the group to socially undesirable behaviour. Sometimes small groups or communities fail to react to undesirable or violent behaviour and their apathy can have devastating consequences. Such a situation can occur among co-workers witnessing workplace mobbing, or neighbours who do not react to a suspicion of domestic violence. Reasons for their inaction are diverse and can include fear, doubts concerning the necessity of such a reaction, and also conformity. In the paper I examine a seemingly favourable situation: I assume that reaction is costless and all the members of the group would like to react (internalised norm), but they also want to conform. In order to analyse the factors that can influence the scope of group reaction, a structurally embedded sequential coordination game was played for different initial conditions. Computer simulations were conducted for networks of a specific type (Erd¨os-R´enyi random graph). The main aim of the analysis was to identify non-structural and structural features of the group that can impede or even block the intervention of the group. There is a positive relationship between the scope of group reaction and the strength of the internalized norm, whereas the level of conformity affects the chances of group intervention in a negative way. Heterogeneity of the group is an important factor - the scope of reaction is higher when members of the group have different levels of norm internalisation and conformity. There is a non-linear relationship between network density and the scope of reaction. Both low and high density can make it harder for people to act.


2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 189-211
Author(s):  
Esa O. Onoja

Abstract The extraction of confessions from suspects under torture by security agents is a notorious fact in Nigeria. Ironically, the Constitution of the country guarantees a right to silence, but courts in Nigeria predicate the admissibility of confessions on the common law-based Judges Rules and Evidence Act 2011 without linking it to the constitutionally guaranteed right to silence. This article reviews the legal rules on the admissibility of confessions in Nigeria and contends that without attaching constitutional flavour to the admissibility of confessions, the legislature and the courts in Nigeria unwittingly water the ground for the systemic extraction of confession from suspects in custody in Nigeria. The article suggests that the courts in the country consider the implication of the guarantee of the right to silence in the country’s constitution in the determination of the admissibility of confessions to promote fair trial in criminal cases in the country.


Legal Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-229
Author(s):  
Achas K Burin

AbstractTwenty years after the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force, where are we in our understanding of the relationship between tort and human rights? This paper argues that we are not as far along in our understanding as we could be. The reason for that has been the methodology we used to understand the relationship, focused as it was around remedies, limitation and causation. This paper proposes a new approach, based around the right rather than the remedy. It aims to theorise one particular cause of action – the duty in Osman v United Kingdom – to exemplify this approach. For English lawyers, who have historically used the framework of the forms of action to understand our own law, it is argued that this a good way to comprehend the European jurisprudence.


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