Vertical Disparity Can Alter Perceived Direction

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3440 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1323-1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M Berends ◽  
Raymond van Ee ◽  
Casper J Erkelens
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Vertical Disparity ◽  
Vertical Scale ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Straight Ahead ◽  
Stimulus Direction

It has been well established that vertical disparity is involved in perception of the three-dimensional layout of a visual scene. The goal of this paper was to examine whether vertical disparities can alter perceived direction. We dissociated the common relationship between vertical disparity and the stimulus direction by applying a vertical magnification to the image presented to one eye. We used a staircase paradigm to measure whether perceived straight-ahead depended on the amount of vertical magnification in the stimulus. Subjects judged whether a test dot was flashed to either the left or the right side of straight-ahead. We found that perceived straight-ahead did indeed depend on the amount of vertical magnification but only after subjects adapted (for 5 min) to vertical scale (and only in five out of nine subjects). We argue that vertical disparity is a factor in the calibration of the relationship between eye-position signals and perceived direction.

A novel three-dimensional elliptical vibration cutting device based on the freedom and constraint topologies theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Lin ◽  
Xi Kong ◽  
Chun Wang ◽  
Yun Zhai ◽  
Liang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Design Theory ◽  
Compliant Mechanism ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Elliptical Vibration Cutting ◽  
Vibration Cutting ◽  
Elliptical Vibration ◽  
The Common ◽  
Constraint Topologies ◽  
The Relationship

Aiming at the issue of the lack of the design theory for the three-dimensional elliptical vibration cutting device, a compliant mechanism with two rotations and one translation is synthesized based on the theory of freedom and constraint topologies. And a three-dimensional elliptical vibration cutting device is proposed on the basis of the compliant mechanism. The relationship between the critical speed and the length of the tool bar is analyzed. Simulation is conducted to analyze the influence of parameters on the output ellipse. Experiments are conducted to verify the validity of the elliptical vibration cutting device. The relationship between the roughness and the cutting speed is obtained. Experiments with different driving frequencies are conducted without the change of other parameters. Results show that the proposed compliant mechanism is feasible for the elliptical vibration cutting device. Compared with the common cutting, the new elliptical vibration cutting device has a better performance in the processing effect. This provides an important reference for design of the elliptical vibration cutting device.

scholarly journals Frank-Starling law and Bowditch phenomenon may have the common theoretical grounds

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Kamnev
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Range ◽  
Force Of Contraction ◽  
Paroxysmal Tachycardia ◽  
Linear Dimensions ◽  
Variable Duration ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Direct Proportionality ◽  
Inverse Proportionality

AbstractThe relationship between two different linear dimensions of the chamber (ventricle) and the two respective values of the force of contraction (which are applied to the imaginary piston in order to accelerate the initial venous inflow) is deduced as the ratio of forces which is equal to the ratio of squares of linear dimensions of the chamber; the equation is valid when the durations of both contractions (systoles) are identical. The relationship corresponds to Frank-Starling law (the right limb of parabola can be approximated to the direct proportionality of the law). When the durations of systoles are different the ratio of forces is equal to the inverse ratio of durations of systoles; the inverse proportionality permits to interpret the Bowditch phenomenon by means of the ascending asymptote of hyperbole. Stepwise shortening of systole is impossible due to extremely narrow range of variable (duration of systole), hence the shift of variable can be realized only as a leap; this leap is accompanied by the enormous rise of function (force of contraction) which can be accommodated to several contractions. Homoiometric regulation can be considered a safety device (presumably in the form of paroxysmal tachycardia with the shortened systole) in the case when heterometric regulation lacks to produce the adequate force of contraction in response to excessively distended chamber.

Ch.11 Plurality of obligors and of obligees, s.1: Plurality of Obligors, Art.11.1.4

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meier Sonja
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

This commentary analyses Article 11.1.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the effects of defences on the relationship between the obligee and the obligors. Under Art 11.1.4, a joint and several obligor against whom a claim is made by the obligee may assert all the defences and rights of set-off that are personal to it or that are common to all the co-obligors. However, the obligor may not assert defences or rights of set-off that are personal to one or several of the other co-obligors. This commentary discusses the common defences that the obligor can assert against the obligee, along with personal defences which involve the right to avoid the contract for mistake, fraud, threat, or gross disparity.

Eye Position Estimation During Sleep Using Infrared Video in Functional MRI

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Syoji Kobashi ◽  
◽  
Yuji Yahata ◽  
Shigeyuki Kan ◽  
Masaya Misaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Position Estimation ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Sleep Study ◽  
Video Images ◽  
Infrared Video ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

The determination of eye position during sleep attracted much attention in sleep study. Simultaneous measurement consisting of functional magnetic resonance imaging and infrared video was developed to study the relationship between eye movement and brain function during sleep. Conventional measurement of the eye position using infrared video images is not applicable to experiments during sleep because of the lack of tracking targets such as the pupil. This paper proposes a novel method for determining the eye position during sleep through infrared video images. This method determines the eye position by comparing intensity profile extracted from an image to intensity profiles generated by the artificial neural network (ANN). Experiments showed that the proposed method detected the eye position of the left eye with an error of 3.56 ± 3.61 (RMSE ± SD) pixels and that of the right eye with an error of 4.69 ± 4.73 pixels.

scholarly journals Steering Algorithm for a Flexible Microrobot to Enhance Guidewire Control in a Coronary Angioplasty Application

Micromachines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kafash Hoshiar ◽  
Sungwoong Jeon ◽  
Kangho Kim ◽  
Seungmin Lee ◽  
Jin-young Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Molding Method ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Identification Approach ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

Magnetically driven microrobots have been widely studied for various biomedical applications in the past decade. An important application of these biomedical microrobots is heart disease treatment. In intravascular treatments, a particular challenge is the submillimeter-sized guidewire steering; this requires a new microrobotic approach. In this study, a flexible microrobot was fabricated by the replica molding method, which consists of three parts: (1) a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) body, (2) two permanent magnets, and (3) a micro-spring connector. A mathematical model was developed to describe the relationship between the magnetic field and the deformation. A system identification approach and an algorithm were proposed for steering. The microrobot was fabricated, and the models for steering were experimentally validated under a magnetic field intensity of 15 mT. Limitations to control were identified, and the microrobot was steered in an arbitrary path using the proposed model. Furthermore, the flexible microrobot was steered using the guidewire within a three-dimensional (3D) transparent phantom of the right coronary artery filled with water, to show the potential application in a realistic environment. The flexible microrobot presented here showed promising results for enhancing guidewire steering in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Alignment without using markers in electron tomographic reconstruction

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 554-555
Author(s):  
Weiping Liu ◽  
David A. Agard ◽  
John Sedat
Keyword(s):  
Tomographic Reconstruction ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Moments Method ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
Digital Projection ◽  
The Relationship

In the electron tomographic reconstruction process the mutual alignment between projections of different view angles is a crucial step. Thus far the only alignment method routinely used is based on fiducial markers: gold particles are distributed on the specimen, and the relationship between the specimen and the digital projection coordinate systems is determined from least-square fitting the measured positions of colloidal gold beads on the projections. The inherent drawbacks with this method are that i) it is a tedious trial-and-error process to obtain the right amount of evenly distributed beads in the area of interest on the specimen and ii) the beads might obstruct the structural analysis since they are essentially opaque objects under the electron microscope (EM). The problems can become more acute if ice-embedded specimens are to be studied. The other two approaches to the alignment are the common line / moments method which requires that the object has clear boundaries in its projections and the cross-correlation method which assumes that the object has a flat structure.

Effects of Full-Field Visual Input on the Three-Dimensional Properties of the Human Vestibuloocular Reflex1

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Michael Fetter ◽  
Hubert Misslisch ◽  
Doris Sievering ◽  
Douglas Tweed
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Head Rotation ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Straight Ahead

The three-dimensional (3-D) properties of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) were studied in six normal human subjects during passive whole-body rotations in darkness and with full-field visual input in light. Subjects were asked to fixate a point target stationary in space straight ahead or to imagine such a target in darkness. Using a 3-D rotating chair, subjects were rotated sinusoidally (frequency .3 Hz, maximum speed 37.5°/s) about an earth-vertical axis for horizontal stimulation and about an earth-horizontal axis for vertical and torsional stimulation. The subject faced forward for vertical stimulation, 90° to the side for torsional stimulation, or 15° to the right or left side for combined vertical and torsional stimulation. Left eye position was measured using 3-D search coils. The VOR response was quantified using the 3-D analogue of gain, a 3 × 3 matrix where each element describes the dependence of one component – torsional, vertical, or horizontal – of eye velocity on one component of head velocity. Average gain matrices were calculated for three cycles of rotation (10 s). Major findings were: (1) Gain values for the VOR were higher in light than in darkness for all directions. In light, vertical and horizontal responses were fully compensatory in both magnitude and direction, whereas the torsional responses were still weak. (2) Intersubject variability, large in the dark, was very small in the light for the vertical and horizontal responses but still considerable for the torsional. (3) Crosscoupling, in the form of partially horizontal eye movements in response to a torsional head rotation, was present in darkness but disappeared in light. (4) The VOR showed the same eye position dependence in darkness and in light; that is, if the eye is looking x° away from straight ahead, the eye rotation axis in response to a horizontal or vertical head rotation tilts about x°/4 in the same direction as the gaze line. These axis tilts are incompatible with perfect stabilization of the retinal image, but they are qualitatively appropriate for preserving Listing’s law.

The Concepts of Non-Domination and Justification in EU Security-Related Context

2019 ◽  
pp. 265-292
Author(s):  
Ester Herlin-Karnell
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Common Term ◽  
Legal Model ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
Republican Theory ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the implications of a non-domination oriented view for understanding EU security regulation. It asks how the non-domination template fits the constitutional legal model, and what it adds for the understanding of the establishment of an ‘Area of Freedom, Security and Justice’ in the specific case of the European Union. The concept of non-domination is commonly seen as one of the most central concepts in republican theory. Therefore, this chapter looks at the relationship between coercion, which is the common term in legal vocabulary for describing force, and the concept of domination in political theory as such. It also discusses the implications of non-arbitrariness and the right to justification in a new security-related context. Specifically, this chapter links the question of security regulation to the longstanding debate in political theory on the connection between freedom and non-domination and to the constitutional debate on the formation of security regulation in Europe.

Natural Justice in the Australian Industrial Relations Commission

1993 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Richard Naughton
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Natural Justice ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Industrial Disputes ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

The Australian Industrial Relations Commission is under a statutorily imposed duty to act in afair manner, but with minimum resort to technical legal form. In addition, it is required to act promptly and effectively to prevent and settle industrial disputes. Some interesting questions arise concerning the relationship between this duty to act fairly and the common law principles of natural justice. This review of the subject area concludes that the two central natural justice principles (the right to a hearing and the rule against bias) are applied in a flexible manner in commission proceedings. The federal tribunal is often required to balance the strict application of these principles against a series of other factors. These might include, for example, matters like the expense, inevitable delay and procedural difficulties associated with a slavish adherence to the rules of natural justice.

Echo-morphological correlates in patients with atrioventricular septal defect and common atrioventricular junction

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (S3) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Mahle ◽  
Girish S. Shirali ◽  
Robert H. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Septal Defect ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Atrioventricular Septal Defect ◽  
Atrioventricular Canal ◽  
Atrioventricular Junction ◽  
Atrioventricular Septal Defects ◽  
Septal Defects ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right

It is now well recognized that patients fulfilling the diagnostic criterions for the group of hearts usually described as atrioventricular canal malformations, or atrioventricular septal defects, can present with shunting at atrial level, at both atrial and ventricular levels, and on occasion, with shunting only at ventricular level.1,2It is also well recognized that, in most instances, the patients with shunting exclusively at atrial level have separate atrioventricular valvar orifices for the right and left ventricles, this arrangement often described as the “ostium primum” variant of atrial septal defect.3Morphological and echocardiographic studies, however, have shown that, in this variant presumed to represent deficient atrial septation, it is the atrioventricular septal structures, rather than the atrial septum, which are deficient, the phenotypic feature being the presence of a common atrioventricular junction.4,5In this review, we will show how, using modern day echocardiographic techniques, particularly the newly developed potential for three-dimensional display, it is an easy matter to identify the presence or absence of the common atrioventricular junction, and then to demonstrate the various relationships between the valvar leaflets, the septal structures, and the common junction itself which determine the options for clinical presentation within the group.

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