scholarly journals Dilp8 requires the neuronal relaxin receptor Lgr3 to couple growth to developmental timing

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Garelli ◽  
Fabiana Heredia ◽  
Andreia P. Casimiro ◽  
Andre Macedo ◽  
Catarina Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peripheral Tissue ◽  
Developmental Timing ◽  
Couple Growth ◽  
Cns Neurons ◽  
Stress Signal ◽  
Relaxin Receptor ◽  
Body Sense

How different organs in the body sense growth perturbations in distant tissues to coordinate their size during development is poorly understood. Here, we mutated an invertebrate orphan relaxin receptor, the Drosophila Lgr3, and found body asymmetries similar to those found in insulin/relaxin-like peptide 8 (dilp8) mutants, which fail to coordinate growth with developmental timing. Indeed, mutation or RNAi against Lgr3 suppresses the delay in pupariation induced by imaginal disc growth perturbation or ectopic Dilp8 expression. By fluorescently-tagging the endogenous Lgr3 protein and performing CNS-specific RNAi, we find that Lgr3 is expressed and required in a novel subset of CNS neurons to transmit the peripheral tissue stress signal, Dilp8, to the neuroendocrine centers controlling developmental timing. Our work sheds new light on the function and evolution of relaxin receptors and reveals a novel neuroendocrine circuit responsive to growth aberrations.

scholarly journals Dilp8 requires the neuronal relaxin receptor Lgr3 to couple growth to developmental timing

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Garelli ◽  
Fabiana Heredia ◽  
Andreia P. Casimiro ◽  
Andre Macedo ◽  
Catarina Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Timing ◽  
Couple Growth ◽  
Relaxin Receptor

Diffusion Limitation—Montana Style

2011 ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
James R. Munis
Keyword(s):  
Transport Process ◽  
Convective Transport ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peripheral Tissue ◽  
Diffusion Limitation ◽  
Capillary Membrane ◽  
Alveolar Capillary

The pathway of oxygen through the body consists of the diffusion of oxygen across the alveolar-capillary membrane and then the peripheral tissue membranes, followed by the convective transport of oxygen in the blood. Any transport process will have its choke points and limitations. In the case of oxygen, the constraints can take 1 of 2 forms, perfusion limitation or diffusion limitation.

scholarly journals Specification and Patterning of Drosophila Appendages

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireya Ruiz-Losada ◽  
David Blom-Dahl ◽  
Sergio Córdoba ◽  
Carlos Estella
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Environment Exploration ◽  
Larva Development

Appendages are external projections of the body that serve the animal for locomotion, feeding, or environment exploration. The appendages of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster are derived from the imaginal discs, epithelial sac-like structures specified in the embryo that grow and pattern during larva development. In the last decades, genetic and developmental studies in the fruit fly have provided extensive knowledge regarding the mechanisms that direct the formation of the appendages. Importantly, many of the signaling pathways and patterning genes identified and characterized in Drosophila have similar functions during vertebrate appendage development. In this review, we will summarize the genetic and molecular mechanisms that lead to the specification of appendage primordia in the embryo and their posterior patterning during imaginal disc development. The identification of the regulatory logic underlying appendage specification in Drosophila suggests that the evolutionary origin of the insect wing is, in part, related to the development of ventral appendages.

scholarly journals Tissue nonautonomous effects of fat body methionine metabolism on imaginal disc repair in Drosophila

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 1835-1840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soshiro Kashio ◽  
Fumiaki Obata ◽  
Liu Zhang ◽  
Tomonori Katsuyama ◽  
Takahiro Chihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Local Damage ◽  
Methionine Metabolism ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽  
Disc Repair ◽  
Wing Discs

Regulatory mechanisms for tissue repair and regeneration within damaged tissue have been extensively studied. However, the systemic regulation of tissue repair remains poorly understood. To elucidate tissue nonautonomous control of repair process, it is essential to induce local damage, independent of genetic manipulations in uninjured parts of the body. Herein, we develop a system in Drosophila for spatiotemporal tissue injury using a temperature-sensitive form of diphtheria toxin A domain driven by the Q system to study factors contributing to imaginal disc repair. Using this technique, we demonstrate that methionine metabolism in the fat body, a counterpart of mammalian liver and adipose tissue, supports the repair processes of wing discs. Local injury to wing discs decreases methionine and S-adenosylmethionine, whereas it increases S-adenosylhomocysteine in the fat body. Fat body-specific genetic manipulation of methionine metabolism results in defective disc repair but does not affect normal wing development. Our data indicate the contribution of tissue interactions to tissue repair in Drosophila, as local damage to wing discs influences fat body metabolism, and proper control of methionine metabolism in the fat body, in turn, affects wing regeneration.

scholarly journals Body | Sense Experience: An Architecture of Atmosphere and Light

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sol Amour
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Sense Experience ◽  
Architectural Space ◽  
Built Form ◽  
Tangible Object ◽  
Material Form ◽  
Sense Of Wonder ◽  
Body Sense ◽  
The Way

<p>This thesis explores notions of the immaterial and metaphysical in architecture. It seeks to ‘elicit a sense of wonder’ in a participant of experiential space by promoting awareness of the metaphysical through atmosphere, affect and light. Architecture is more than purely a physical tangible object - it also crosses into the realms of the intangible, ephemeral and perceptive. The immaterial within architecture is just as important as the physical, if not more so, where a participant’s perception of space is informed more by the swirling climate of atmospheric ephemera than that of material form. It is through light that architecture is enlivened and imbued with character and meaning and it is the immaterial aspect of light that evokes a sense beauty and wonder within built form. The body/sense experience, looked at through the lens of the affect, evokes an intimately humanistic response to architectural space that is unbound by race, religion, culture or creed. This allows for architecture to become the catalyst for an awareness of the metaphysical, evoked through atmosphere, affect and light. Ultimately this thesis argues that the intangible, elusive and transitory moments within architecture are just as important as the physically present tangible object. It stresses the importance of architecture that is understood and experienced holistically, where created atmospheres, interaction of light and bodily cognition of space shape the way in which the built world is perceived.</p>

Leg development in flies versus grasshoppers: differences in dpp expression do not lead to differences in the expression of downstream components of the leg patterning pathway

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (8) ◽  
pp. 1617-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.L. Jockusch ◽  
C. Nulsen ◽  
S.J. Newfeld ◽  
L.M. Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Leg Development ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Early Expression ◽  
Two Phases

All insect legs are structurally similar, characterized by five primary segments. However, this final form is achieved in different ways. Primitively, the legs developed as direct outgrowths of the body wall, a condition retained in most insect species. In some groups, including the lineage containing the genus Drosophila, legs develop indirectly from imaginal discs. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating leg development is based largely on analysis of this derived mode of leg development in the species D. melanogaster. The current model for Drosophila leg development is divided into two phases, embryonic allocation and imaginal disc patterning, which are distinguished by interactions among the genes wingless (wg), decapentaplegic (dpp) and distalless (dll). In the allocation phase, dll is activated by wg but repressed by dpp. During imaginal disc patterning, dpp and wg cooperatively activate dll and also indirectly inhibit the nuclear localization of Extradenticle (Exd), which divide the leg into distal and proximal domains. In the grasshopper Schistocerca americana, the early expression pattern of dpp differs radically from the Drosophila pattern, suggesting that the genetic interactions that allocate the leg differ between the two species. Despite early differences in dpp expression, wg, Dll and Exd are expressed in similar patterns throughout the development of grasshopper and fly legs, suggesting that some aspects of proximodistal (P/D) patterning are evolutionarily conserved. We also detect differences in later dpp expression, which suggests that dpp likely plays a role in limb segmentation in Schistocerca, but not in Drosophila. The divergence in dpp expression is surprising given that all other comparative data on gene expression during insect leg development indicate that the molecular pathways regulating this process are conserved. However, it is consistent with the early divergence in developmental mode between fly and grasshopper limbs.

scholarly journals The Body Sense Hairs of Lepidopterous Larvæ

1902 ◽  
Vol 36 (427) ◽  
pp. 561-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Hilton
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Body Sense

scholarly journals The relaxin receptor Lgr3 mediates growth coordination and developmental delay during Drosophila melanogaster imaginal disc regeneration

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob S. Jaszczak ◽  
Jacob B. Wolpe ◽  
Rajan Bhandari ◽  
Rebecca G. Jaszczak ◽  
Adrian Halme
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Prothoracic Gland ◽  
Disc Regeneration ◽  
Relaxin Family ◽  
Dependent Growth ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Relaxin Receptor

Damage to Drosophila melanogaster imaginal discs activates a regeneration checkpoint that 1) extends larval development and 2) coordinates the regeneration of the damaged disc with the growth of undamaged discs. These two systemic responses to damage are both mediated by Dilp8, a member of the insulin/IGF/relaxin family of peptide hormones, which is released by regenerating imaginal discs. Growth coordination between regenerating and undamaged imaginal discs is dependent on Dilp8 activation of NOS in the prothoracic gland (PG), which slows the growth of undamaged discs by limiting ecdysone synthesis. Here we demonstrate that the Drosophila relaxin receptor homologue Lgr3, a leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor, is required for Dilp8-dependent growth coordination and developmental delay during the regeneration checkpoint. Lgr3 regulates these responses to damage via distinct mechanisms in different tissues. Using tissue-specific RNAi disruption of Lgr3 expression, we show that Lgr3 functions in the PG upstream of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and is necessary for NOS activation and growth coordination during the regeneration checkpoint. When Lgr3 is depleted from neurons, imaginal disc damage no longer produces either developmental delay or growth inhibition. To reconcile these discrete tissue requirements for Lgr3 during regenerative growth coordination, we demonstrate that Lgr3 activity in the both the CNS and PG is necessary for NOS activation in the PG following damage. Together, these results identify new roles for a relaxin receptor in mediating damage signaling to regulate growth and developmental timing.

Rapid Assimilation of External Objects Into the Body Schema

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1000-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Carlson ◽  
George Alvarez ◽  
Daw-an Wu ◽  
Frans A.J. Verstraten
Keyword(s):  
Body Schema ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Extended Body ◽  
Extended Sense ◽  
External Objects ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Body Sense

When a warrior picks up a sword for battle, do sword and soldier become one? The notion of an extended sense of the body has been the topic of philosophical discussion for more than a century and more recently has been subjected to empirical tests by psychologists and neuroscientists. We used a unique afterimage paradigm to test if, and under what conditions, objects are integrated into an extended body sense. Our experiments provide empirical support for the notion that objects can be integrated into an extended sense of the body. Our findings further indicate that this extended body sense is highly plastic, quickly assimilating objects that are in physical contact with the observer. Finally, we show that this extended body sense is limited to first-order extensions, thus constraining how far one can extend oneself into the environment.

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