Effect of Floor Cleaner Combination of Alcohol Ethoxylate-Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate and Combination of Carbol-Pine Oil on Ascaris lumbricoides Eggs

Disinfectants are chemical agents used in disinfection in liquid form or solution form and are well-known as microbicidal, fungicidal, and virucidal but still unknown as parasiticidal, especially the effect to A. lumbricoides. In Indonesia, the prevalence of ascariasis is about 30,4% and still high. Ascariasis is caused by A. lumbricoides helminth that human swallows in egg form. Ascaris lumbricoides egg's characteristics are hydrophobic and sticky, making it easy to stick on the floor, household, and skin. This research aims to find the difference between the combination of the effects of Alcohol Ethoxylate-Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate and the combination of Carbol-Pine Oil to A. lumbricoides eggshell and larva development as prevention and to break the life cycle chain of A. lumbricoides. The research results showed no effects from Alcohol Ethoxylate- Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate combination and Carbol-Pine Oil combination to A. lumbricoides eggshell and embryo development. Keywords: Disinfectants, ascariasis, concentration, eggshell, larva development.

Effect of WAF crude oil exposure to larvae development of the black-scar oyster Crasosstrea iredalei

Oil spills potentially effect exposed organisms at various stage of life. This work aimed to access health risk of crude oil to larva development of a sessile organism the Black scar oyster Crassostrea iredalei by using water accommodate fraction (WAF) of crude oil. Male and female gametes was collect and fertilized to obtained larvae at cleavage stage. The larvae were then incubate in various concentrations of WAF (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 %). After 24 hour of exposure, normal D-shaped veliger larva (D-larva) was observe. The result showed that WAF crude oil affected the development and the successful of D-larva development. Severity of WAF effect was increasing with dosages of exposure. The abnormal larva developments were increasing in the high concentrations. The information obtaining from current work is important for health risk assessment of crude oil contamination incident in marine ecosystem. This study will also contribute valuable knowledge needed for aquaculture to know effect of crude oil spill to oyster farming area.

BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE PLUM SEED WASP [EURYTOMA SCHREINERI SCHREINER (HYMENOPTERA: EURYTOMIDAE)]

The plum seed wasp, Eurytoma schreineri Schr. is a new pest on plum trees in Bulgaria. It is a serious pest for plums in northeastern Bulgaria. This wasp attacks the fruits of various plum cultivars. Damage by E. schreineri on plums ranges from 26-92%. The damage percent depends upon bioecological conditions and on the susceptibility of the plum varieties. Late-flowering cultivars are the most sensitive, where the attack can reach up to 90-92% of Stanley cultivar. This is univoltine and overwinters as a fully developed larva within stones of the fallow fruit under the plum trees. During the spring, usually in early May, the adults go out of the fallen mummified fruits and after mating the females oviposit inside the newly formed plum fruit. The egg is inserted into the endosperm of the fruit before the formation of the stone. Incubation lasts about 20-22 days, and hatch begins about the time that the plum seed embryo becomes visible. Larva development is completed by the end of June or early July, then the larvae enter diapause and remain in this state for 1-3 winters. Locally penetrating insecticides, applied when the larvae begin to hatch, provide a significant degree of larval control.

Specification and Patterning of Drosophila Appendages

Appendages are external projections of the body that serve the animal for locomotion, feeding, or environment exploration. The appendages of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster are derived from the imaginal discs, epithelial sac-like structures specified in the embryo that grow and pattern during larva development. In the last decades, genetic and developmental studies in the fruit fly have provided extensive knowledge regarding the mechanisms that direct the formation of the appendages. Importantly, many of the signaling pathways and patterning genes identified and characterized in Drosophila have similar functions during vertebrate appendage development. In this review, we will summarize the genetic and molecular mechanisms that lead to the specification of appendage primordia in the embryo and their posterior patterning during imaginal disc development. The identification of the regulatory logic underlying appendage specification in Drosophila suggests that the evolutionary origin of the insect wing is, in part, related to the development of ventral appendages.

SPAWNING AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT DOG CONCH (Strombus turturella)

Dog conch (Strombus turturella) is considered one of fishery commodities in Bangka Belitung Islands. This conch is often exploited and result in their populations are increasingly threatened. The aim of study to observe the reproduction and larval development of dog conch were studied under laboratory conditions. For the treatment of spawning the dog conch were placed in spawning tanks with a capacity of 1 ton. Stimulation of spawning is done by replacing the water in the tank as much as 90% every 24 hours until the eggs released by females. Spawning was preceded by copulation and fertilization occurs inside the female's body.The results showed that the first egg cell divides into two cells after two hours of spawning. Then each cell continues to divide into four cells to become multicellular and reach the gastrula stage after 48 hours. Free swimming larval phase for four days and then settle down along with the formation of the first shell. The larvae will grow up to 5 mm shell length for 20 days.Keywords: Dog conch, Strombus turturella, spawning, larva development

SPAWNING AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT DOG CONCH (Strombus turturella)

<p>Dog conch (Strombus turturella) is considered one of fishery commodities in Bangka Belitung Islands. This conch is often exploited and result in their populations are increasingly threatened. The aim of study to observe the reproduction and larval development of dog conch were studied under laboratory conditions. For the treatment of spawning the dog conch were placed in spawning tanks with a capacity of 1 ton. Stimulation of spawning is done by replacing the water in the tank as much as 90% every 24 hours until the eggs released by females. Spawning was preceded by copulation and fertilization occurs inside the female's body.The results showed that the first egg cell divides into two cells after two hours of spawning. Then each cell continues to divide into four cells to become multicellular and reach the gastrula stage after 48 hours. Free swimming larval phase for four days and then settle down along with the formation of the first shell. The larvae will grow up to 5 mm shell length for 20 days.</p><p>Keywords: Dog conch, Strombus turturella, spawning, larva development</p>