scholarly journals The role of metacognition in human social interactions

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1599) ◽  
pp. 2213-2223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris D. Frith
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Objective Feedback ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
And Control ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Collaborative Decision

Metacognition concerns the processes by which we monitor and control our own cognitive processes. It can also be applied to others, in which case it is known as mentalizing. Both kinds of metacognition have implicit and explicit forms, where implicit means automatic and without awareness. Implicit metacognition enables us to adopt a we-mode, through which we automatically take account of the knowledge and intentions of others. Adoption of this mode enhances joint action. Explicit metacognition enables us to reflect on and justify our behaviour to others. However, access to the underlying processes is very limited for both self and others and our reports on our own and others' intentions can be very inaccurate. On the other hand, recent experiments have shown that, through discussions of our perceptual experiences with others, we can detect sensory signals more accurately, even in the absence of objective feedback. Through our willingness to discuss with others the reasons for our actions and perceptions, we overcome our lack of direct access to the underlying cognitive processes. This creates the potential for us to build more accurate accounts of the world and of ourselves. I suggest, therefore, that explicit metacognition is a uniquely human ability that has evolved through its enhancement of collaborative decision-making.

Disrupted Salience and Cingulo-Opercular Network Connectivity During Impaired Rapid Instructed Task Learning in Schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
pp. 216770262095934
Author(s):  
Julia M. Sheffield ◽  
Holger Mohr ◽  
Hannes Ruge ◽  
Deanna M. Barch
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Task Learning ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Functional Brain Networks ◽  
Task Goals ◽  
Multivariate Pattern ◽  
And Control ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

Rapid instructed task learning (RITL) is the uniquely human ability to transform task information into goal-directed behavior without relying on trial-and-error learning. RITL is a core cognitive process supported by functional brain networks. In patients with schizophrenia, RITL ability is impaired, but the role of functional network connectivity in these RITL deficits is unknown. We investigated task-based connectivity of eight a priori network pairs in participants with schizophrenia ( n = 29) and control participants ( n = 31) during the performance of an RITL task. Multivariate pattern analysis was used to determine which network connectivity patterns predicted diagnostic group. Of all network pairs, only the connectivity between the cingulo-opercular network (CON) and salience network (SAN) during learning classified patients and control participants with significant accuracy (80%). CON-SAN connectivity during learning was significantly associated with task performance in participants with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that impaired interactions between identification of salient stimuli and maintenance of task goals contributes to RITL deficits in participants with schizophrenia.

Implicit and Explicit Learning: Differential Effects of Affective States

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill H. Rathus ◽  
Arthur S. Reber ◽  
Louis Manza ◽  
Michael Kushner
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Performance Deficits ◽  
Explicit Processes ◽  
Human Functioning ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Learning ◽  
Subclinical Depression

Two experiments using a standard artificial grammar paradigm were conducted to examine the role of affective states, specifically anxiety and depression, on implicit learning. The main purpose was to broaden the range of human functioning explored through the application of the robustness principle in the evolutionary framework recently developed by Reber which predicts that cognitive processes which rely upon unconscious, implicit processes should be less affected by affective states than those which rely upon conscious, explicit processes. In Study 1 ( N = 60), high test anxiety was associated with performance deficits in the explicit components of the task; no differences were found in the implicit phases of the task. In Study 2 ( N = 160), varying levels of subclinical depression were unrelated to both implicit and explicit functioning. The contrasting findings of the two studies are discussed in terms of the differential cognitive effects and adaptive implications of these two affective states.

Initial Impressions of Others

2018 ◽  
pp. 414-439
Author(s):  
James S. Uleman ◽  
S. Adil Saribay
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Theory Theory ◽  
Controlled Attention ◽  
Social Cognitive Processes ◽  
And Control ◽  
Initial Impressions

“Initial impressions” join personality and social psychology like no other field of study—“personality” because impressions are about personalities and perceivers’ personalities affect these impressions; and “social” because social cognitive processes influence impression formation and sociocultural contexts have major effects on impressions. How people describe others is reviewed: terms used, how descriptions reveal theories about others, and importance of types and categories. Research on social cognitive processes underlying these descriptions is highlighted: automatic and controlled attention, effects of primes and their dependence on contexts, acquisition of valence, spontaneous inferences, and interplay of automatic and control processes. Accuracy of initial impressions is examined, as are what accuracy means and motivated biases and distortions. Perceiver features and relations between targets and perceivers are reviewed. Frameworks for understanding explanations, as distinct from descriptions, are detailed: attribution theory, theory of mind, and simulation theory, including synchrony and the role of embodied cognition and metaphor.

scholarly journals Understanding the attitude of others by hearing action sounds: the role of the insula

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Di Cesare ◽  
M. Marchi ◽  
C. Pinardi ◽  
G. Rizzolatti
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Neural Bases ◽  
And Control

Abstract During social interactions, actions and words can be expressed in different ways, for example gently, vigorously or rudely communicating the positive or negative attitude of the agent. These forms of communication are called vitality forms and play a crucial role in social relations. While the neural bases of speech and actions vitality forms have been investigated, there is no information on how we recognize others’ mood/attitude by hearing the sound of their actions. In the present fMRI study we investigated the neural basis of vitality forms while participants heard action sounds in two different conditions: sounds resulting from gentle and rude actions, sounds communicating the same actions without vitality forms (control stimuli). Results showed that hearing action sounds conveying rude and gentle vitality forms respect to the control stimuli produced a specific activation of the dorso-central insula. In addition, hearing both vitality forms action sounds and control stimuli produced the activation of the parieto-frontal circuit typically involved in the observation and the execution of arm actions. In conclusion, our data indicate that, the dorso-central insula is a key region involved in the processing of vitality forms regardless of the modality by which they are conveyed.

scholarly journals Alzheimer’s Disease and Empathic Abilities: The Proposed Role of the Cingulate Cortex

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Marina Ávila-Villanueva ◽  
Jaime Gómez-Ramírez ◽  
Jesús Ávila ◽  
Miguel A. Fernández-Blázquez
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Cingulate Cortex

In recent years there has been increasing interest in examining the role of empathic abilities in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Empathy, the ability to understand and share another person’s feelings, implies the existence of emotional and cognitive processes and is a pivotal aspect for success in social interactions. In turn, self-empathy is oriented to one’s thoughts and feelings. Decline of empathy and self-empathy can occur during the AD continuum and can be linked to different neuroanatomical pathways in which the cingulate cortex may play a crucial role. Here, we will summarize the involvement of empathic abilities through the AD continuum and further discuss the potential neurocognitive mechanisms that contribute to decline of empathy and self-empathy in AD.

scholarly journals Humour in Power-Differentiated Intergroup Wage Negotiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mendiola Teng-Calleja ◽  
Cristina Jayme Montiel ◽  
Marshaley Jaum Baquiano
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Business Meetings ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
Wage Negotiation ◽  
And Control

This research examined the role of humour in power-differentiated wage bargaining conversations. We collected transcripts of wage bargaining between the local labour union and management negotiators of a multinational beverage company operating in the Philippines. Through conversation analysis, we determined how both parties utilised humor to challenge or maintain power relations even as both labour and management worked towards a wage bargaining agreement. Findings show that humour was used to maintain intergroup harmony, subvert authority and control the negotiation. Our findings may be useful for labour organisations and multinational corporations that operate in Southeast Asian countries with historically tumultuous labour relations such as the Philippines. Studies have shown how humour can play a significant role in various social interactions, such as business meetings (Rogerson-Revell, 2007), conversations between friends (Hay, 2000) and co-workers (Holmes, 2000), problem solving (Dunbar, Banas, Rodriguez, Liu, & Abra, 2012), conflict negotiations (Maemura & Horita, 2012) and price haggling (O’Quin & Aronoff, 1981). We note, however, that humour analysis rarely considers asymmetric features of social interactions occurring within the context of negotiation.

scholarly journals Role of facial expressions in social interactions

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1535) ◽  
pp. 3453-3458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Frith
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Rapid Responses ◽  
Implicit Response

The expressions we see in the faces of others engage a number of different cognitive processes. Emotional expressions elicit rapid responses, which often imitate the emotion in the observed face. These effects can even occur for faces presented in such a way that the observer is not aware of them. We are also very good at explicitly recognizing and describing the emotion being expressed. A recent study, contrasting human and humanoid robot facial expressions, suggests that people can recognize the expressions made by the robot explicitly, but may not show the automatic, implicit response. The emotional expressions presented by faces are not simply reflexive, but also have a communicative component. For example, empathic expressions of pain are not simply a reflexive response to the sight of pain in another, since they are exaggerated when the empathizer knows he or she is being observed. It seems that we want people to know that we are empathic. Of especial importance among facial expressions are ostensive gestures such as the eyebrow flash, which indicate the intention to communicate. These gestures indicate, first, that the sender is to be trusted and, second, that any following signals are of importance to the receiver.

scholarly journals Working memory and auditory imagery predict sensorimotor synchronisation with expressively timed music

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1781-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D Colley ◽  
Peter E Keller ◽  
Andrea R Halpern
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Musical Settings ◽  
Sensorimotor Synchronisation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Synchronisation Error

Sensorimotor synchronisation (SMS) is prevalent and readily studied in musical settings, as most people are able to perceive and synchronise with a beat (e.g., by finger tapping). We took an individual differences approach to understanding SMS to real music characterised by expressive timing (i.e., fluctuating beat regularity). Given the dynamic nature of SMS, we hypothesised that individual differences in working memory and auditory imagery—both fluid cognitive processes—would predict SMS at two levels: (1) mean absolute asynchrony (a measure of synchronisation error) and (2) anticipatory timing (i.e., predicting, rather than reacting to beat intervals). In Experiment 1, participants completed two working memory tasks, four auditory imagery tasks, and an SMS-tapping task. Hierarchical regression models were used to predict SMS performance, with results showing dissociations among imagery types in relation to mean absolute asynchrony, and evidence of a role for working memory in anticipatory timing. In Experiment 2, a new sample of participants completed an expressive timing perception task to examine the role of imagery in perception without action. Results suggest that imagery vividness is important for perceiving and control is important for synchronising with irregular but ecologically valid musical time series. Working memory is implicated in synchronising by anticipating events in the series.

The Autonomous State in Iran: Mobility and Prosperity in the Reign of Shah 'Abbas the Great (1587-1629)

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mousavi
Keyword(s):  
Land Ownership ◽  
The State ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
System Maintenance ◽  
Iranian State ◽  
Autonomous State ◽  
Standing Army ◽  
And Control

AbstractAmong the Safavid Shahs, 'Abbas I (1587-1629), was the chief architect of the modern Iranian state. He consolidated the state by securing the borders, establishing a central administration and bureaucracy, fortifying the economy and creating a standing army responsible not to the tribal heads but to the king as the head of the state. He turned the kingdom into a cohesive and stable monarchy. The state, with the Shah on top, using the new bureaucracy and the coercive force, reached a level of autonomy in which it was fortified by a direct access to financial resources. While bureaucracy was an instrument for regime enhancement and control, the army played the crucial role of system maintenance and was the guarantor of the Safavid rule. To achieve this objective, the state used: 1) social mobility of displacing the Qizilbash element, in favour of Caucasians, Persians and ordinaries; 2) land ownership mobility through transferring toyūls to crown estate; and 3) financial mobility.

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