scholarly journals Specification of CNS glia from neural stem cells in the embryonic neuroepithelium

2007 ◽  
Vol 363 (1489) ◽  
pp. 71-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Kessaris ◽  
Nigel Pringle ◽  
William D Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Extracellular Signals ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Neuroepithelial Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Radial Glial

All the neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system are generated from the neuroepithelial cells in the walls of the embryonic neural tube, the ‘embryonic neural stem cells’. The stem cells seem to be equivalent to the so-called ‘radial glial cells’, which for many years had been regarded as a specialized type of glial cell. These radial cells generate different classes of neurons in a position-dependent manner. They then switch to producing glial cells (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes). It is not known what drives the neuron–glial switch, although downregulation of pro-neural basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors is one important step. This drives the stem cells from a neurogenic towards a gliogenic mode. The stem cells then choose between developing as oligodendrocytes or astrocytes, of which there might be intrinsically different subclasses. This review focuses on the different extracellular signals and intracellular responses that influence glial generation and the choice between oligodendrocyte and astrocyte fates.

scholarly journals Persistent Expression of VCAM1 in Radial Glial Cells Is Required for the Embryonic Origin of Postnatal Neural Stem Cells

Neuron ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-325.e6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ling Hu ◽  
Guo Chen ◽  
Sanguo Zhang ◽  
Jiangli Zheng ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Embryonic Origin ◽  
Radial Glial

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

scholarly journals The Complex Simplicity of the Brittle Star Nervous System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Zueva ◽  
Maleana Khoury ◽  
Thomas Heinzeller ◽  
Daria Mashanova ◽  
Vladimir Mashanov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Brittle Star ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Neuronal Markers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Radial Glial

AbstractBrittle stars (Ophiuroidea, Echinodermata) have been increasingly used in studies of animal behavior, locomotion, regeneration, physiology, and bioluminescence. The success of these studies directly depends on good working knowledge of ophiuroid nervous system. Here, we describe the arm nervous system at different levels of organization: microanatomy of the radial nerve cord and peripheral nerves, neural ultrastructure, and localization of different cell types using specific antibody markers. We standardize the nomenclature of nerves and ganglia and provide an anatomically accurate digital 3D model of the arm nervous system as a reference for future studies. Our results helped identify several general features characteristic to the adult echinoderm nervous system, including the extensive anatomical interconnections between the ectoneural and hyponeural components and neuroepithelial organization of the central nervous system with its supporting scaffold formed by radial glial cells. In addition, we provide further support to the notion that the echinoderm radial glia is a complex and diverse cell population. We also tested the suitability of a range of specific cell-type markers for studies of the brittle star nervous system and established that the radial glial cells are reliably labeled by the ERG1 antibodies, whereas the best neuronal markers are acetylated tubulin, ELAV and synaptotagmin B. The transcription factor Brn1/2/4, a marker of neuronal progenitors, is expressed not only in neurons, but also in a subpopulation of radial glia. For the first time, we describe putative ophiuroid proprioceptors associated with the hyponeural part of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Regulation of nestin expression by thrombin and cell density in cultures of bone mesenchymal stem cells and radial glial cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Wautier ◽  
Sabine Wislet-Gendebien ◽  
Grazyna Chanas ◽  
Bernard Rogister ◽  
Pierre Leprince
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Nestin Expression ◽  
Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Radial Glial

Role of GGF/neuregulin signaling in interactions between migrating neurons and radial glia in the developing cerebral cortex

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (18) ◽  
pp. 3501-3510 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.S. Anton ◽  
M.A. Marchionni ◽  
K.F. Lee ◽  
P. Rakic
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Neuronal Migration ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Glial Development ◽  
Radial Glial

During neuronal migration to the developing cerebral cortex, neurons regulate radial glial cell function and radial glial cells, in turn, support neuronal cell migration and differentiation. To study how migrating neurons and radial glial cells influence each others' function in the developing cerebral cortex, we examined the role of glial growth factor (a soluble form of neuregulin), in neuron-radial glial interactions. Here, we show that GGF is expressed by migrating cortical neurons and promotes their migration along radial glial fibers. Concurrently, GGF also promotes the maintenance and elongation of radial glial cells, which are essential for guiding neuronal migration to the cortex. In the absence of GGF signaling via erbB2 receptors, radial glial development is abnormal. Furthermore, GGF's regulation of radial glial development is mediated in part by brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP), a neuronally induced, radial glial molecule, previously shown to be essential for the establishment and maintenance of radial glial fiber system. The ability of GGF to influence both neuronal migration and radial glial development in a mutually dependent manner suggests that it functions as a mediator of interactions between migrating neurons and radial glial cells in the developing cerebral cortex.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document