scholarly journals Ancient plants with ancient fungi: liverworts associate with early-diverging arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1888) ◽  
pp. 20181600 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Rimington ◽  
Silvia Pressel ◽  
Jeffrey G. Duckett ◽  
Katie J. Field ◽  
David J. Read ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetics ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Symbiotic Fungi ◽  
Ancient Plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizas are widespread in land plants including liverworts, some of the closest living relatives of the first plants to colonize land 500 million years ago (MYA). Previous investigations reported near-exclusive colonization of liverworts by the most recently evolved arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, the Glomeraceae, indicating a recent acquisition from flowering plants at odds with the widely held notion that arbuscular mycorrhizal-like associations in liverworts represent the ancestral symbiotic condition in land plants. We performed an analysis of symbiotic fungi in 674 globally collected liverworts using molecular phylogenetics and electron microscopy. Here, we show every order of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizes early-diverging liverworts, with non-Glomeraceae being at least 10 times more common than in flowering plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in liverworts and other ancient plant lineages (hornworts, lycopods, and ferns) were delimited into 58 taxa and 36 singletons, of which at least 43 are novel and specific to liverworts. The discovery that early plant lineages are colonized by early-diverging fungi supports the hypothesis that arbuscular mycorrhizas are an ancestral symbiosis for all land plants.

scholarly journals NATIVE MICROBIOTA AND ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON GROWTH OF Paspalum millegrana SCHRAD

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-353
Author(s):  
JOHNY DE JESUS MENDONÇA ◽  
LARISSA DE SOUZA GOIS ◽  
JACILENE FRANCISCA SOUZA SANTOS ◽  
TAMIRIS APARECIDA DE CARVALHO SANTOS ◽  
FRANCISCO SANDRO RODRIGUES HOLANDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Volume Number ◽  
The Family ◽  
Symbiotic Fungi ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Gigaspora Albida

ABSTRACT Paspalum millegrana grass is a member of the family Poaceae native to the Americas, whose interaction with native symbiotic fungi has not yet been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interactions between the native microorganisms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the development of P. millegrana Schrad. The experimental design was completely randomized with seven treatments (control, without AMF; native microbial inoculant; native + UFLA05 Gigaspora albida; native + UFLA351 Rhizoglomus clarum; native + UFLA372 Claroideoglomus etunicatum; native + UFLA401 Acaulospora morrowiae, and a mix of all treatments). The substrate was autoclaved sand and coconut powder at 2:1, with eight repetitions. The variables analyzed were: mycorrhizal colonization, dark septate endophytic fungi colonization, number of mycorrhizal spores, dry shoot mass, dry root mass, root length and volume, number of tiller and mycorrhizal dependence. Mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi and dark septate endophytic fungi colonized P. millegrana. The sporulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with P. millegrana was influenced by mycorrhizal colonization, depending on the fungus-plant interaction. P. millegrana was responsive to native + UFLA05 and native + UFLA351. No correlation between tiller emergence and mycorrhizal colonization of P. millegrana was observed.

scholarly journals Evolution and networks in ancient and widespread symbioses between Mucoromycotina and liverworts

Mycorrhiza ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Rimington ◽  
Silvia Pressel ◽  
Jeffrey G. Duckett ◽  
Katie J. Field ◽  
Martin I. Bidartondo
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Ancestral Reconstruction ◽  
Nested Subsets ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Globally Distributed

Abstract Like the majority of land plants, liverworts regularly form intimate symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycotina). Recent phylogenetic and physiological studies report that they also form intimate symbioses with Mucoromycotina fungi and that some of these, like those involving Glomeromycotina, represent nutritional mutualisms. To compare these symbioses, we carried out a global analysis of Mucoromycotina fungi in liverworts and other plants using species delimitation, ancestral reconstruction, and network analyses. We found that Mucoromycotina are more common and diverse symbionts of liverworts than previously thought, globally distributed, ancestral, and often co-occur with Glomeromycotina within plants. However, our results also suggest that the associations formed by Mucoromycotina fungi are fundamentally different because, unlike Glomeromycotina, they may have evolved multiple times and their symbiotic networks are un-nested (i.e., not forming nested subsets of species). We infer that the global Mucoromycotina symbiosis is evolutionarily and ecologically distinctive.

Soil pH-induced changes in root colonization, diversity, and reproduction of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from healthy and declining maple forests

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1543-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P Coughlan ◽  
Yolande Dalpé ◽  
Line Lapointe ◽  
Yves Piché
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Spore Population

Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple) is one of only few arbuscular mycorrhizal trees to form extensive stands in northern temperate biomes. Recent maple decline could result from altered intensity and quality of root colonization by associated mycobionts or possible shifts in symbiotic fungal community composition following environmental stresses. In this study the effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of soil acidification, one of several proposed causal stresses underlying forest decline, and remedial liming were investigated under glasshouse conditions. Acer saccharum seedlings were grown in unsterilized, pH altered, forest soils from healthy and declining maple stands. Over a range of treatment pHs normally tolerated by A. saccharum, fungal populations and responses to pH changes differed between the two soils. The declining site with more acidic soil had an initially larger spore population but lower taxonomic diversity than the healthy site. However, liming stimulated sporulation of several taxa initially apparently absent from the declining site spore population. The quantity of colonization generally increased with pH for both sites. Five Glomus taxa and Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders are added to the list of fungi known to form arbuscular mycorrhizas with A. saccharum, and the known range of Acaulospora cavernata Blaszkowski is extended from Poland to eastern North America.

Lipid exchanges drove the evolution of mutualism during plant terrestrialization

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 372 (6544) ◽  
pp. 864-868
Author(s):  
Mélanie K. Rich ◽  
Nicolas Vigneron ◽  
Cyril Libourel ◽  
Jean Keller ◽  
Li Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Transcriptomic Response ◽  
Marchantia Paleacea ◽  
Colonization Of Land ◽  
Direct Regulation

Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves plant nutrition in most land plants, and its contribution to the colonization of land by plants has been hypothesized. Here, we identify a conserved transcriptomic response to AMF among land plants, including the activation of lipid metabolism. Using gain of function, we show the transfer of lipids from the liverwort Marchantia paleacea to AMF and its direct regulation by the transcription factor WRINKLED (WRI). Arbuscules, the nutrient-exchange structures, were not formed in loss-of-function wri mutants in M. paleacea, leading to aborted mutualism. Our results show the orthology of the symbiotic transfer of lipids across land plants and demonstrate that mutualism with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was present in the most recent ancestor of land plants 450 million years ago.

scholarly journals No Significant Contribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Transfer of Radiocesium from Soil to Plants

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 6512-6517 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Joner ◽  
P. Roos ◽  
J. Jansa ◽  
E. Frossard ◽  
C. Leyval ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycling ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Human Food Chain ◽  
Symbiotic Fungi

ABSTRACT The diffuse pollution by fission and activation products following nuclear accidents and weapons testing is of major public concern. Among the nuclides that pose a serious risk if they enter the human food chain are the cesium isotopes 137Cs and 134Cs (with half-lives of 30 and 2 years, respectively). The biogeochemical cycling of these isotopes in forest ecosystems is strongly affected by their preferential absorption in a range of ectomycorrhiza-forming basidiomycetes. An even more widely distributed group of symbiotic fungi are the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which colonize most herbaceous plants, including many agricultural crops. These fungi are known to be more efficient than ectomycorrhizas in transporting mineral elements from soil to plants. Their role in the biogeochemical cycling of Cs is poorly known, in spite of the consequences that fungal Cs transport may have for transfer of Cs into the human food chain. This report presents the first data on transport of Cs by these fungi by use of radiotracers and compartmented growth systems where uptake by roots and mycorrhizal hyphae is distinguished. Independent experiments in three laboratories that used different combinations of fungi and host plants all demonstrated that these fungi do not contribute significantly to plant uptake of Cs. The implications of these findings for the bioavailability of radiocesium in different terrestrial ecosystems are discussed.

Cellular and molecular approaches in the characterization of symbiotic events in functional arbuscular mycorrhizal associations

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 526-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson ◽  
Armelle Gollotte ◽  
Benoit Tisserant ◽  
Philipp Franken ◽  
Eliane Dumas-Gaudot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Molecular Approaches

Arbuscular mycorrhizas represent the most widespread, and probably most ancient, type of plant–fungus association in which the large majority of terrestrial plants must have evolved with compatibility systems towards the fungal symbionts. Cellular interactions leading to reciprocal morphofunctional integration between symbionts during mycorrhiza establishment are complex. Some plant genes and cellular events may be shared with nodulation processes, but there is evidence of molecular modifications specific to arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. Plant defence responses, which are normally weakly activated during the symbiotic state, are strongly elicited by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in genetically altered, resistant hosts suggesting control over defence gene expression during establishment of a successful symbiosis. Modifications are also induced in the fungal symbionts during colonization of host tissues, with changes in wall metabolism and protein expression. Nothing is known of the genetic make-up of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which are recalcitrant to pure culture. Recent cloning of DNA from these fungi opens the possibility of identifying functional genes in order to study their regulation and role in symbiosis establishment. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, reciprocal symbiosis, molecular mechanisms, plant determinants, fungal molecules.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in the Living Collections at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

2013 ◽  
pp. 143-157
Author(s):  
Christopher Walker
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Royal Botanic Garden ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Botanic Garden

Most plants have mutualistic symbioses (mycorrhizas) with certain fungi that occupy their roots, the most common of which fall into the category known as arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM). Although most of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are entirely subterranean, some form spore masses or sporocarps sufficiently large to be seen with the unaided eye on the surface of the substrate. During several decades of casual observation in the research greenhouses at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE), such clumps of spores from several species of AMF have been recorded. A brief introduction to mycorrhizas, with an emphasis on AM, is provided. A list of host plants grown in botanic gardens or similar situations from which AMF have been identified is given. The possible value of AMF is discussed in relation to the ‘ecosystems’ that develop in mature botanic garden greenhouses. Ways of using AMF to improve the establishment or growth of plants are discussed, including a suggestion that adequate controls must always be used, particularly when using previously untested commercially available products.

A change in the concentration of NaCl in soil alters the rate of hyphal extension of some arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 1235-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Juniper ◽  
L K Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
Saline Environment

This study investigated the effect of a rapid change in the concentration of the soil solution on hyphal growth from germinated spores of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: isolates of Acaulospora laevis Gerd. & Trappe, Gigaspora decipiens Hall & Abbott, and Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders. Spores of either G. decipiens or S. calospora were incubated between millipore filters buried in sand that had been watered to field capacity with solutions of 0, 150, or 300 mmol/L NaCl. After 11 d, the intact pairs of filters were recovered, left undisturbed, or transferred into and further incubated in soil watered with one of the three solutions. Spores of A. laevis were incubated between filters in sand without NaCl and after 20 d were either left undisturbed or transferred to soil with 0, 50, 150, or 300 mmol/L NaCl in the soil solution for a further 11 d. The filter sandwiches were stained and opened, and determinations of spore germination, number of auxiliary cells, and length of hyphae on each were made. For G. decipiens and S. calospora, the effect of NaCl on hyphal growth was reversible. Hyphae from spores germinated in sand with 300 mmol/L NaCl showed markedly increased growth when transferred to a less saline environment. Hyphae from spores germinated in nonsaline sand continued to grow, but at a slower rate, when transferred to a saline environment. Hyphae of A. laevis continued to elongate after transfer to soil with 50 mmol/L NaCl but not 150 or 300 mmol/L NaCl. Morphological differences were observed between hyphae of G. decipiens grown in a highly saline as compared with a nonsaline substrate.Key words: soil salinity, arbuscular mycorrhizas, species and genera of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, hyphae.

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