Cellular and molecular approaches in the characterization of symbiotic events in functional arbuscular mycorrhizal associations

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 526-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson ◽  
Armelle Gollotte ◽  
Benoit Tisserant ◽  
Philipp Franken ◽  
Eliane Dumas-Gaudot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Molecular Approaches

Arbuscular mycorrhizas represent the most widespread, and probably most ancient, type of plant–fungus association in which the large majority of terrestrial plants must have evolved with compatibility systems towards the fungal symbionts. Cellular interactions leading to reciprocal morphofunctional integration between symbionts during mycorrhiza establishment are complex. Some plant genes and cellular events may be shared with nodulation processes, but there is evidence of molecular modifications specific to arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. Plant defence responses, which are normally weakly activated during the symbiotic state, are strongly elicited by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in genetically altered, resistant hosts suggesting control over defence gene expression during establishment of a successful symbiosis. Modifications are also induced in the fungal symbionts during colonization of host tissues, with changes in wall metabolism and protein expression. Nothing is known of the genetic make-up of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which are recalcitrant to pure culture. Recent cloning of DNA from these fungi opens the possibility of identifying functional genes in order to study their regulation and role in symbiosis establishment. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, reciprocal symbiosis, molecular mechanisms, plant determinants, fungal molecules.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in the Living Collections at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

2013 ◽  
pp. 143-157
Author(s):  
Christopher Walker
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Royal Botanic Garden ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Botanic Garden

Most plants have mutualistic symbioses (mycorrhizas) with certain fungi that occupy their roots, the most common of which fall into the category known as arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM). Although most of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are entirely subterranean, some form spore masses or sporocarps sufficiently large to be seen with the unaided eye on the surface of the substrate. During several decades of casual observation in the research greenhouses at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE), such clumps of spores from several species of AMF have been recorded. A brief introduction to mycorrhizas, with an emphasis on AM, is provided. A list of host plants grown in botanic gardens or similar situations from which AMF have been identified is given. The possible value of AMF is discussed in relation to the ‘ecosystems’ that develop in mature botanic garden greenhouses. Ways of using AMF to improve the establishment or growth of plants are discussed, including a suggestion that adequate controls must always be used, particularly when using previously untested commercially available products.

Soil pH-induced changes in root colonization, diversity, and reproduction of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from healthy and declining maple forests

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1543-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P Coughlan ◽  
Yolande Dalpé ◽  
Line Lapointe ◽  
Yves Piché
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Spore Population

Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple) is one of only few arbuscular mycorrhizal trees to form extensive stands in northern temperate biomes. Recent maple decline could result from altered intensity and quality of root colonization by associated mycobionts or possible shifts in symbiotic fungal community composition following environmental stresses. In this study the effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of soil acidification, one of several proposed causal stresses underlying forest decline, and remedial liming were investigated under glasshouse conditions. Acer saccharum seedlings were grown in unsterilized, pH altered, forest soils from healthy and declining maple stands. Over a range of treatment pHs normally tolerated by A. saccharum, fungal populations and responses to pH changes differed between the two soils. The declining site with more acidic soil had an initially larger spore population but lower taxonomic diversity than the healthy site. However, liming stimulated sporulation of several taxa initially apparently absent from the declining site spore population. The quantity of colonization generally increased with pH for both sites. Five Glomus taxa and Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders are added to the list of fungi known to form arbuscular mycorrhizas with A. saccharum, and the known range of Acaulospora cavernata Blaszkowski is extended from Poland to eastern North America.

Cellular interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizosphere bacteria

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 193 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bianciotto ◽  
D. Minerdi ◽  
S. Perotto ◽  
P. Bonfante
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Rhizosphere Bacteria ◽  
Cellular Interactions

scholarly journals Mycorrhizal Fungi and Sustainable Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soibam Helena Devi ◽  
Ingudam Bhupenchandra ◽  
Soibam Sinyorita ◽  
S.K. Chongtham ◽  
E. Lamalakshmi Devi
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Assimilation

The 20thcentury witnessed an augmentation in agricultural production, mainly through the progress and use of pesticides, fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus, and developments in plant breeding and genetic skills. In the naturally existing ecology, rhizospheric soils have innumerable biological living beings to favor the plant development, nutrient assimilation, stress tolerance, disease deterrence, carbon seizing and others. These organisms include mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, etc. which solubilize nutrients and assist the plants in up taking by roots. Amongst them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have key importance in natural ecosystem, but high rate of chemical fertilizer in agricultural fields is diminishing its importance. The majority of the terrestrial plants form association with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) or Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This symbiosis confers benefits directly to the host plant’s growth and development through the acquisition of Phosphorus (P) and other mineral nutrients from the soil by the AMF. They may also enhance the protection of plants against pathogens and increases the plant diversity. This is achieved by the growth of AMF mycelium within the host root (intra radical) and out into the soil (extra radical) beyond. Proper management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi has the potential to improve the profitability and sustainability of agricultural systems. AM fungi are especially important for sustainable farming systems because AM fungi are efficient when nutrient availability is low and when nutrients are bound to organic matter and soil particles.

scholarly journals Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Alkali Tolerance Mechanism in Puccinellia tenuiflora Plants Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunxue Yang ◽  
Wenna Zhao ◽  
Yingnan Wang ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Shouchen Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Alkali Stress ◽  
Orthogonal Projections ◽  
Puccinellia Tenuiflora ◽  
Amf Inoculation

Soil alkalization is a major environmental threat that affects plant distribution and yield in northeastern China. Puccinellia tenuiflora is an alkali-tolerant grass species that is used for salt-alkali grassland restoration. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance P. tenuiflora responses to alkali stress. Here, metabolite profiling in P. tenuiflora seedlings with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under alkali stress was conducted using liquid chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS). The results showed that AMF colonization increased seedling biomass under alkali stress. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) demonstrated that non-AM and AM seedlings showed different responses under alkali stress. A heat map analysis showed that the levels of 88 metabolites were significantly changed in non-AM seedlings, but those of only 31 metabolites were significantly changed in AM seedlings. Moreover, the levels of a total of 62 metabolites were significantly changed in P. tenuiflora seedlings after AMF inoculation. The results suggested that AMF inoculation significantly increased amino acid, organic acid, flavonoid and sterol contents to improve osmotic adjustment and maintain cell membrane stability under alkali stress. P. tenuiflora seedlings after AMF inoculation produced more plant hormones (salicylic acid and abscisic acid) than the non-AM seedlings, probably to enhance the antioxidant system and facilitate ion balance under stress conditions. In conclusion, these findings provide new insights into the metabolic mechanisms of P. tenuiflora seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under alkali conditions and clarify the role of AM in the molecular regulation of this species under alkali stress.

scholarly journals Roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Plant Growth and Performance: Importance in Biotic and Abiotic Stressed Regulation

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Diagne ◽  
Mariama Ngom ◽  
Pape Ibrahima Djighaly ◽  
Dioumacor Fall ◽  
Valérie Hocher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Ion Selectivity ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
And Performance

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic associations with most terrestrial plants. These soil microorganisms enhance the plant’s nutrient uptake by extending the root absorbing area. In return, the symbiont receives plant carbohydrates for the completion of its life cycle. AMF also helps plants to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, extreme temperature, heavy metal, diseases, and pathogens. For abiotic stresses, the mechanisms of adaptation of AMF to these stresses are generally linked to increased hydromineral nutrition, ion selectivity, gene regulation, production of osmolytes, and the synthesis of phytohormones and antioxidants. Regarding the biotic stresses, AMF are involved in pathogen resistance including competition for colonization sites and improvement of the plant’s defense system. Furthermore, AMF have a positive impact on ecosystems. They improve the quality of soil aggregation, drive the structure of plant and bacteria communities, and enhance ecosystem stability. Thus, a plant colonized by AMF will use more of these adaptation mechanisms compared to a plant without mycorrhizae. In this review, we present the contribution of AMF on plant growth and performance in stressed environments.

Plant herbivore protection by arbuscular mycorrhizas: A role for fungal diversity?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Frew ◽  
Pedro Madeira Antunes ◽  
Duncan D Cameron ◽  
Sue E Hartley ◽  
Scott N Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Plant Herbivore

The symbiotic association between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and terrestrial plants can enhance plant defences against insect herbivores. Despite advances in our understanding of how AM fungi affect plant tolerance and resistance based defence mechanisms, we contend that the role of fungal diversity in these interactions continues to be largely overlooked. This is problematic considering plants typically associate with multiple AM fungi in both natural and agriculturally managed environments in a way which varies spatially and temporally. While the importance of mycorrhizal fungal diversity is being increasingly incorporated into research efforts across various facets of ecology, progress on how AM fungal diversity mediates plant protection from herbivory is disparate and piecemeal. Here we discuss why it is important to focus efforts on understanding how AM fungal diversity can shape plant defence outcomes and highlight key knowledge gaps to be addressed.

scholarly journals The role of arbuscular mycorrhiza in zinc uptake by lettuce grown at two phosphorus levels in the substrate

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Konieczny ◽  
Iwona Kowalska
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Funneliformis Mosseae ◽  
Zn Uptake ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in Zn uptake by plants and can partially mitigate the effects of its deficit. On the other hand, they are involved in reducing the accumulation of Zn and its toxicity to plants when it is present in excessive concentrations in the soil. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of two AMF, i.e., Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices on Zn uptake by lettuce plants grown at two P levels and elevated concentrations of Zn in a peat substrate. The experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of mycorrhization of lettuce grown in the peat substrate; however, the arbuscular mycorrhiza did not reduce the uptake of Zn by lettuce. The AMF used in the experiment differentially affected the Zn content in lettuce. Compared to uninoculatedplants, R. intraradices increased the Zn content in lettuce, whereas F. mosseae did not affect the Zn content.

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