scholarly journals A broader model for C 4 photosynthesis evolution in plants inferred from the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae s.s.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1741) ◽  
pp. 3304-3311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gudrun Kadereit ◽  
David Ackerly ◽  
Michael D. Pirie
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Saline Habitats ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Drought Resistant ◽  
Dated Phylogeny ◽  
Adaptation To Drought

C 4 photosynthesis is a fascinating example of parallel evolution of a complex trait involving multiple genetic, biochemical and anatomical changes. It is seen as an adaptation to deleteriously high levels of photorespiration. The current scenario for C 4 evolution inferred from grasses is that it originated subsequent to the Oligocene decline in CO 2 levels, is promoted in open habitats, acts as a pre-adaptation to drought resistance, and, once gained, is not subsequently lost. We test the generality of these hypotheses using a dated phylogeny of Amaranthaceae s.l. (including Chenopodiaceae), which includes the largest number of C 4 lineages in eudicots. The oldest chenopod C 4 lineage dates back to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, representing one of the first origins of C 4 in plants, but still corresponding with the Oligocene decline of atmospheric CO 2 . In contrast to grasses, the rate of transitions from C 3 to C 4 is highest in ancestrally drought resistant (salt-tolerant and succulent) lineages, implying that adaptation to dry or saline habitats promoted the evolution of C 4 ; and possible reversions from C 4 to C 3 are apparent. We conclude that the paradigm established in grasses must be regarded as just one aspect of a more complex system of C 4 evolution in plants in general.

scholarly journals Evolution of halophytes: multiple origins of salt tolerance in land plants

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Flowers ◽  
Hanaa K. Galal ◽  
Lindell Bromham
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Multiple Origins ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Tolerant Plants

The evolution of salt tolerance is interesting for several reasons. First, since salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) employ several different mechanisms to deal with salt, the evolution of salt tolerance represents a fascinating case study in the evolution of a complex trait. Second, the diversity of mechanisms employed by halophytes, based on processes common to all plants, sheds light on the way that a plant’s physiology can become adapted to deal with extreme conditions. Third, as the amount of salt-affected land increases around the globe, understanding the origins of the diversity of halophytes should provide a basis for the use of novel species in bioremediation and conservation. In this review we pose the question, how many times has salt tolerance evolved since the emergence of the land plants some 450–470 million years ago? We summarise the physiological mechanisms underlying salt-tolerance and provide an overview of the number and diversity of salt-tolerant terrestrial angiosperms (defined as plants that survive to complete their life cycle in at least 200 mM salt). We consider the evolution of halophytes using information from fossils and phylogenies. Finally, we discuss the potential for halophytes to contribute to agriculture and land management and ask why, when there are naturally occurring halophytes, it is proving to be difficult to breed salt-tolerant crops.

Salinity tolerance during germination of seashore halophytes and salt-tolerant grass cultivars

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Martin Hanslin ◽  
Trine Eggen
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Artemisia Vulgaris ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salinity Response ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Juncus Gerardii ◽  
Saline Habitats

Direct sowing is the simplest method of plant establishment for restoration and remediation purposes, but relatively few plants can establish under high salinity conditions. In this study, the ability of different seashore plants and grass cultivars to germinate in different dilutions of seawater (0–400 mM NaCl) was tested. Highest germination was found in distilled water or seawater dilutions up to 100 mM NaCl. When seawater concentrations were increased from 100 to 200 mM NaCl, a strong decline in germination percentage and rate was observed in less salt-tolerant species, such as Matricaria maritima and Achillea millefolium. The more salt-tolerant species, Plantago maritima, Juncus gerardii, Artemisia vulgaris, Agrostis spp. and Rumex spp., had a threshold salinity, where germination was significantly decreased in seawater dilutions between 200 and 400 mM NaCl. Even among the salt-tolerant species, only two, Agrostis stolonifera and Artemisia vulgaris, germinated at 400 mM. Variation in salinity response was observed among populations of Artemisia vulgaris and among cultivars of Festuca spp. Increasing salinity to 200 mM NaCl delayed germination in most species. Ungerminated seeds of most salinity-tolerant species were still viable after 21 d at the highest salinity (400 mM), and showed a rapid and high germination when transferred to distilled water. These species would be able to survive high salinity and germinate when the salinity of the sediments decreases through dilution or leaching of salts. The experiment revealed species and cultivars that will be of interest in further testing for restoration and remediation in saline habitats.

scholarly journals Salt Tolerance of Three Tree Species Differing in Native Habitats and Leaf Traits

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1194-1200
Author(s):  
Nisa Leksungnoen ◽  
Roger K. Kjelgren ◽  
Richard C. Beeson ◽  
Paul G. Johnson ◽  
Grant E. Cardon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Native Habitat ◽  
Saline Habitats ◽  
Salinity Levels

We investigated if salt tolerance can be inferred from observable cues based on a woody species’ native habitat and leaf traits. Such inferences could improve species selection for urban landscapes constrained by soils irrigated with reclaimed water. We studied the C3 tree species Acer grandidentatum Nutt. (canyon maple; xeric-non-saline habitat) that was hypothesized to have some degree of salt tolerance based on its semiarid but non-saline native habitat. We compared it with A. macrophyllum Pursh. (bigleaf maple) from mesic/riparian-non-saline habitats with much larger leaves and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (eucalyptus/red gum) from mesic-saline habitats with schlerophyllous evergreen leaves. Five levels of increasing salt concentrations (non-saline control to 12 dS·m−1) were applied over 5 weeks to container-grown seedling trees in two separate studies, one in summer and the other in fall. We monitored leaf damage, gas exchange, and hydric behavior as measures of tree performance for 3 weeks after target salinity levels were reached. Eucalyptus was the most salt-tolerant among the species. At all elevated salinity levels, eucalyptus excluded salt from its root zone, unlike either maple species. Eucalyptus maintained intact, undamaged leaves with no effect on photosynthesis but with minor reductions in stomatal conductance (gS). Conversely, bigleaf maple suffered increasing leaf damage, nearly defoliated at the highest levels, with decreasing gas exchange as salt concentration increased. Canyon maple leaves were not damaged and gas exchange was minimally affected at 3 dS·m−1 but showed increasing damage at higher salt concentration. Salt-tolerant eucalyptus and riparian bigleaf maple framed canyon maple’s moderate salt tolerance up to 3 dS·m−1 that appears related to seasonal soil drying in its semiarid native habitat. These results highlight the potential to infer a degree of salt tolerance from either native habitat or known drought tolerance in selecting plant species for urban landscapes limited by soil salinity or brackish irrigation water. Observable cues such as xeri-morphic leaf traits may also provide visual evidence of salt tolerance.

scholarly journals Aspectos transdisciplinares de diseño y arquitectura: un enfoque metodológico basado en la innovación

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
Bruna Ramíres Brito ◽  
Otniel Josafat López Altamirano
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Constructive Thinking ◽  
Continuous Evolution ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Constructive Process ◽  
Current Scenario

Resumen: En el escenario actual, hay una intensa discusión de la transdisciplinariedad en la búsqueda de innovar en el desarrollo de investigación y aplicación de los productos. La arquitectura y el diseño, abarcan un proceso proyectual y metodológico. En este sentido, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo la revisión de literatura con estudios de caso descriptivo, cuyo enfoque fue el proceso metodológico transdisciplinario, centrándose en la interacción que existe entre el diseño y la arquitectura. Este estudio incentiva la interacción de forma transversal, entre los procesos dirigidos a la continua evolución del sistema. La transdisciplinariedad permite al diseñador y arquitecto apoderarse de nuevos conceptos y técnicas que contribuyen al desarrollo de innovación. Estas dos áreas son capaces de relacionarse, desafiando los límites del pensamiento constructivo, hecho que implica el intercambio de conocimientos y la intersección entre sus elementos. Por lo tanto, se sugiere observar el proceso constructivo como un sistema complejo, teniendo en cuenta las diversas áreas y sectores que permitan las relaciones con la sociedad, el medio ambiente, tiempo y espacio. ___Palabras clave: Diseño, arquitectura, transdisciplinariedad, innovación. ___Abstract: In the current scenario, there is an intense discussion of transdisciplinarity in the search of innovation in the development of research and application of products. The architecture and the design, cover a project and methodological process. In this sense, the present study aimed to review the literature with descriptive case studies, whose approach was the transdisciplinary methodological process, focusing on the interaction between design and architecture. This study encourages the interaction in a transversal way, between the processes directed to the continuous evolution of the system. Transdisciplinarity allows the designer and architect to grasp new concepts and techniques that contribute to the development of innovation. These two areas are able to relate, challenging the limits of constructive thinking, a fact that implies the exchange of knowledge and the intersection between its elements. Therefore, it issuggested to observe the constructive process as a complex system, taking into account thedifferent areas and sectors that allow the relations with society, the environment, time andspace. ___Keywords: Design, architecture, transdisciplinarity, innovation. ___Recibido: 15 de agosto de 2016. Aceptado: 30 de septiembre de 2016.

scholarly journals Evolution of morphological and climatic adaptations inVeronica L.(Plantaginaceae)

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Cheng Wang ◽  
Bo-Rong Pan ◽  
Dirk C. Albach
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective ◽  
Drought Resistant ◽  
Annual Life History

Perennials and annuals apply different strategies to adapt to the adverse environment, based on ‘tolerance’ and ‘avoidance’, respectively. To understand lifespan evolution and its impact on plant adaptability, we carried out a comparative study of perennials and annuals in the genusVeronicafrom a phylogenetic perspective. The results showed that ancestors of the genusVeronicawere likely to be perennial plants. Annual life history ofVeronicahas evolved multiple times and subtrees with more annual species have a higher substitution rate. Annuals can adapt to more xeric habitats than perennials. This indicates that annuals are more drought-resistant than their perennial relatives. Due to adaptation to similar selective pressures, parallel evolution occurs in morphological characters among annual species ofVeronica.

Soil Requirements of Four Salt Tolerant Species in Two Saline Habitats

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Gómez Mercado ◽  
Fernando Del Moral Torres ◽  
Esther Giménez Luque ◽  
Enrique López Carrique ◽  
Isabel C. Delgado Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Saline Habitats

FIELD SURVEY OF HALOPHYTIC PLANTS OF DISTURBED SITES ON THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. BRAIDEK ◽  
P. FEDEC ◽  
D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Saline Habitats ◽  
Halophytic Plants

A field study was carried out to survey and collect samples of native and introduced species which have adapted themselves to saline habitats. Ten species were found in 25% or more of the sites surveyed. These included both kochia (Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.) and orache (Atriplex patula var. subspicata (Nutt.) S. Wats.). Kochia and A. patual var. hastata (L.) Gray have been investigated by other researchers as potential salt-tolerant crops (Somers 1979).Key words: Saline areas, halophytic plants, Kochia, Salicornia

scholarly journals Saline Environments as a Source of Potential Quorum Sensing Disruptors to Control Bacterial Infections: A Review

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Torres ◽  
Yves Dessaux ◽  
Inmaculada Llamas
Keyword(s):  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Quorum Quenching ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Saline Environments ◽  
Saline Habitats ◽  
Physiological Pathways

Saline environments, such as marine and hypersaline habitats, are widely distributed around the world. They include sea waters, saline lakes, solar salterns, or hypersaline soils. The bacteria that live in these habitats produce and develop unique bioactive molecules and physiological pathways to cope with the stress conditions generated by these environments. They have been described to produce compounds with properties that differ from those found in non-saline habitats. In the last decades, the ability to disrupt quorum-sensing (QS) intercellular communication systems has been identified in many marine organisms, including bacteria. The two main mechanisms of QS interference, i.e., quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) and quorum quenching (QQ), appear to be a more frequent phenomenon in marine aquatic environments than in soils. However, data concerning bacteria from hypersaline habitats is scarce. Salt-tolerant QSI compounds and QQ enzymes may be of interest to interfere with QS-regulated bacterial functions, including virulence, in sectors such as aquaculture or agriculture where salinity is a serious environmental issue. This review provides a global overview of the main works related to QS interruption in saline environments as well as the derived biotechnological applications.

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