scholarly journals Hidden altruism in a real-world setting

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20130884 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Raihani
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Real World ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Real World Setting ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Using Data

Concerns for reputation can promote cooperative behaviour. Individuals that behave cooperatively stand to benefit if they gain in influence, status or are more likely to be chosen as interaction partners by others. Most theoretical and empirical models of cooperation predict that image score will increase with cooperative contributions. Individuals are therefore expected to make higher contributions when observed by others and should opt to make contributions publicly rather than privately, particularly when contributions are higher than average. Here, however, I find the opposite effect. Using data from an online fundraising website, I show that donors are more likely to opt for anonymity when making extremely low and extremely high donations. Mid-range donations, on the other hand, are typically publicized. Recent work has shown that extremely generous individuals may be ostracized or punished by group members. The data presented here suggest that individuals may hide high donations to avoid these repercussions.

scholarly journals Risk of Liver Injury Associated with Intravenous Lipid Emulsions: A Prescription Sequence Symmetry Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-xiao Li ◽  
Yin-chu Cheng ◽  
Suo-di Zhai ◽  
Peng Yao ◽  
Si-yan Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Real World ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Symmetry Analysis ◽  
Lipid Emulsions ◽  
Real World Setting ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Using Data

Aims: To determine the risk of liver injury associated with the use of different intravenous lipid emulsions (LEs) in large populations in a real-world setting in China.Methods: A prescription sequence symmetry analysis was performed using data from 2015 Chinese Basic Health Insurance for Urban Employees. Patients newly prescribed both intravenous LEs and hepatic protectors within time windows of 7, 14, 28, 42, and 60 days of each other were included. The washout period was set to one month according to the waiting-time distribution. After adjusting prescribing time trends, we quantify the deviation from symmetry of patients initiating LEs first and those initiating hepatic protectors first, by calculating adjusted sequence ratios (ASRs) and relevant 95% confidence intervals. Analyses were further stratified by age, gender, and different generations of LEs developed.Results: In total, 416, 997, 1,697, 2,072, and 2,342 patients filled their first prescriptions with both drugs within 7, 14, 28, 42, and 60 days, respectively. Significantly increased risks of liver injury were found across all time windows, and the strongest effect was observed in the first 2 weeks [ASR 6.97 (5.77–8.42) ∼ 7.87 (6.04–10.61)] in overall patients. In subgroup analyses, female gender, age more than 60 years, and soybean oil-based and alternative-LEs showed higher ASRs in almost all time windows. Specially, a lower risk for liver injury was observed in the first 14 days following FO-LEs administration (ASR, 3.42; 95% CI, 0.81–14.47), but the risk started to rise in longer time windows.Conclusion: A strong association was found between LEs use and liver injury through prescription sequence symmetry analysis in a real-world setting, which aligns with trial evidence and clinical experience. Differences revealed in the risks of liver injury among various LEs need further evaluation.

scholarly journals Discovering access holes in disaster rubble with functional and photometric attributes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Kong
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Real World ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Training Facility ◽  
Search Operation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Disaster Training

The collapse of buildings often result in human victims becoming trapped within rubble. This environment is dangerous for emergency first responders tasked with locating and extricating victims. Recent work in scene mapping using photometric colour and metric depth (RGB-D) data suggest the possibility of automatically identifying potential access holes into rubble interior. This capability would improve search operation by directing limited resources to be concentrated on areas where access holes might exist. This thesis presents an approach to automatically identify access holes in rubble. The investigation begins by defining access holes in terms of their functional utility, that allow for their algorithmic identification. From this definition, a set of hole-related features extracted from RGB-D imagery are proposed for detection. Experiments were conducted using data collected over a real-world disaster training facility. Empirical evaluation indicates the efficacy of the proposed system for successfully identifying potential access holes in disaster rubble scenes.

scholarly journals Discovering access holes in disaster rubble with functional and photometric attributes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Kong
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Real World ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Training Facility ◽  
Search Operation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Disaster Training

The collapse of buildings often result in human victims becoming trapped within rubble. This environment is dangerous for emergency first responders tasked with locating and extricating victims. Recent work in scene mapping using photometric colour and metric depth (RGB-D) data suggest the possibility of automatically identifying potential access holes into rubble interior. This capability would improve search operation by directing limited resources to be concentrated on areas where access holes might exist. This thesis presents an approach to automatically identify access holes in rubble. The investigation begins by defining access holes in terms of their functional utility, that allow for their algorithmic identification. From this definition, a set of hole-related features extracted from RGB-D imagery are proposed for detection. Experiments were conducted using data collected over a real-world disaster training facility. Empirical evaluation indicates the efficacy of the proposed system for successfully identifying potential access holes in disaster rubble scenes.

scholarly journals Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Bateson ◽  
Daniel Nettle ◽  
Gilbert Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Real World Setting ◽  
Naturalistic Setting ◽  
Control Image ◽  
Reputational Concerns

We examined the effect of an image of a pair of eyes on contributions to an honesty box used to collect money for drinks in a university coffee room. People paid nearly three times as much for their drinks when eyes were displayed rather than a control image. This finding provides the first evidence from a naturalistic setting of the importance of cues of being watched, and hence reputational concerns, on human cooperative behaviour.

Can the Academic Self-Concept be Positive and Realistic?

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reimer Kornmann
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Other Hand

Summary: My comment is basically restricted to the situation in which less-able students find themselves and refers only to literature in German. From this point of view I am basically able to confirm Marsh's results. It must, however, be said that with less-able pupils the opposite effect can be found: Levels of self-esteem in these pupils are raised, at least temporarily, by separate instruction, academic performance however drops; combined instruction, on the other hand, leads to improved academic performance, while levels of self-esteem drop. Apparently, the positive self-image of less-able pupils who receive separate instruction does not bring about the potential enhancement of academic performance one might expect from high-ability pupils receiving separate instruction. To resolve the dilemma, it is proposed that individual progress in learning be accentuated, and that comparisons with others be dispensed with. This fosters a self-image that can in equal measure be realistic and optimistic.

Multisystemic therapy for child abuse is effective in a real-world setting

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Swenson ◽  
C. M. Schaeffer ◽  
S. W. Henggeler ◽  
R. Faldowski ◽  
A. M. Mayhew
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Real World ◽  
Multisystemic Therapy ◽  
Real World Setting

Patient adherence: The influence of non-virological factors in a real world setting

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Witthöft ◽  
R Link ◽  
S Christensen ◽  
HW Busch ◽  
W Gickler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Patient Adherence ◽  
Real World Setting
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