scholarly journals Saccharide-mediated antagonistic effects of bark beetle fungal associates on larvae

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20120787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wang ◽  
Min Lu ◽  
Chihang Cheng ◽  
Christian Salcedo ◽  
Jianghua Sun
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Forest Pests ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
The Media ◽  
Fungal Associates

Bark beetles are among the most destructive of pine forest pests and they form close symbiotic relationships with ophiostomatoid fungi. Although some fungi are considered to be mutualistic symbionts of bark beetles with respect to the supply of nutrients, detrimental effects of fungal symbionts on larval growth have also been frequently reported. The mechanisms of such antagonistic effects are hypothesized to be a decrease in nutritional resources caused by competition for saccharides by the fungi. Here, we provide experimental evidence that three beetle-associated fungi modify the nutritional content of an artificial phloem diet, leading to a detrimental effect on the growth of Dendroctonus valens larvae. When larvae were fed a diet of pine phloem in agar medium colonized with any of these fungi, feeding activity was not affected but weight significantly decreased. Additional analysis showed that fungi depleted the fructose and glucose concentrations in the phloem media. Furthermore, these detrimental effects were neutralized by supplementing the media with fructose or glucose, suggesting that fungi may affect larval growth by modifying diet saccharide contents. These data indicate that fungus-induced nutritional changes in bark beetle diet can affect larval growth, and that the mechanism involves fungus-induced saccharide depletion from the larval diet.

scholarly journals Legal and Administrative Aspects of Forest Pest and Disease Control in Japan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Matsushita
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Forest Damage ◽  
Forest Pests ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Pine Bark Beetles ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
Forest Act

Approximately 40% of Japanese forests are softwood plantations consisting of trees such as Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), and several varieties of pine (Pinus spp.). Policies and programs related to forest pests and diseases are important for growing forest plantations. Damage caused by the pine bark beetle (Monochamus alternatus) has been a long-standing problem in Japan. Forest damage caused by the pine bark beetle was first found in Nagasaki Prefecture in 1905. Since then, the area of damage has expanded gradually to all prefectures. Damage caused by pine bark beetles became serious during and just after the end of the Second World War. In 1950, the Natural Resource Section of the General Headquarters of the Allied Forces, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) made recommendations for how to control forest pests and diseases. The first act was enacted in 1950, although the control of forest pests was initially addressed as part of the first Forest Act of 1897. Several important reasons for why the Japanese government has failed to stop the expansion of the damaged area can be found in GHQ recommendations: the lack of coordinated programs, underutilization of damaged trees, and shortcomings of forest-management plans.

scholarly journals Laboratory evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents against the bark beetle Pityogenes scitus Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Kashmir

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Abdul L. Khanday ◽  
Abdul A. Buhroo ◽  
Avunjikkattu P. Ranjith ◽  
Sławomir Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Forest Pests ◽  
Lecanicillium Lecanii ◽  
Petri Plate

Abstract The bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are widely recognised as one of the most damaging group of forest pests. Entomopathogenic fungi have shown great potential for the management of some bark beetle species. The efficacy of three entomopathogenic fungi, namely, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (Metchnikoff) Sorokin and Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmerman) Zare and Gams was tested against the bark beetle Pityogenes scitus Blandford under the laboratory conditions. An insecticide – cyclone 505 EC, was also used as positive control in the experiment. Each fungal suspension contained 1.0×109 spores of fungi in 1 ml. In treated branches, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae caused higher percentage of mortalities, that is, 58.33% and 48%, respectively, after 10 days of treatment and 85% and 71%, respectively, after 20 days of treatment. In petri plate assay, B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and L. lecanii caused 100%, 100% and 73.33% of mortality respectively. The percentage of mortality caused by treated insecticide was 79.16%. The results obtained in the present study are promising; however, no recommendations concerning the potential use of these fungal pathogens in forest protection can be given, and further research studies are needed in this respect, especially under field conditions.

scholarly journals Felled and Lure Trap Trees with Uncut Branches Are Only Weakly Attractive to the Double-Spined Bark Beetle, Ips duplicatus

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 941
Author(s):  
Vojtěch Šotola ◽  
Jaroslav Holuša ◽  
Karel Kuželka ◽  
Emanuel Kula
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Wind Damage ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Forest Pests ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Ips Duplicatus ◽  
Very High

Bark beetles are the most important forest pests in the Northern Hemisphere. The range of Ips duplicatus, an invasive bark beetle in central Europe, has been steadily expanding, and it is now responsible for a high proportion of the spruce wood infested by bark beetles. Apart from searching for and eliminating infested trees, there is no effective control method. The aim of this study was to determine whether trap trees with a pheromone evaporator can be used to capture I. duplicatus. Felled trap trees with branches and with pheromone lures (ID Ecolure®) were infested by I. duplicatus, at a median density of 1 nuptial chambers per 0.1 m2 (median); similar trees without lures and lying at a distance of 1, 5, or 10 m from the lure trees were rarely infested by I. duplicatus. The entire surface of the lure trees could capture <400 beetles per tree. The results indicate that lure trap trees (felled and with branches attached) could only be used in a limited number of situations; one such situation would involve forests that suffered wind damage and contained very high numbers of I. duplicatus.

scholarly journals ORGANIZATION AND MONITORING OF FOREST PESTS WITH THE USE OF PHEROMONES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE STATE ENTERPRISE «ZARICHANSKE FORESTRY»

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (45) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
V. Levchenko ◽  
I. Shulga ◽  
L. Nemerytska ◽  
I. Zhuravska ◽  
А. Romanyuk
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
The State ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
State Enterprise ◽  
Forest Plantations ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Forest Pest ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Forest Pests

Topical issues of forest pest monitoring using the pheromone method in the forest tracts of the State Enterprise "Zarichanske Forestry" are substantiated, and the organizational aspects of this promising event in the fight against major pests of forest plantations in the State Enterprise "Zarichanske Forestry" are considered.The subject of the work is the physiological features of conifers and leaf-eating forest pests, which are common in the forests of the State Enterprise "Zarichanske Forestry". Particular attention in the research process was paid to such forest pests as: pine luboid, apical bark beetle, six-toothed bark beetle, pine sawfly, pine goldfinch, May beetle, marble beetle. These species have become widespread not only in the forest edatopes of the State Enterprise "Zarichanske Forestry", but also in the forest ecosystems of the Zhytomyr Regional Department of Forestry and Hunting. All of the above forest pests cause significant damage to forest stands at different ages. A significant degree of entomological load per unit of forested area in the conditions of the State Enterprise "Zarichanske Forestry" exacerbates the harmful effects of the above pests, which leads to massive damage to forests, their drying and death.The aim of the work is a detailed study of the possibility of using the method of pheromone diagnostics and monitoring of forest pests, as well as the possibility of preventing the destruction of forest edatopes on the example of the State Enterprise "Zarichanske forestry".The main methods of work on the introduction of pheromone monitoring of forest pests are calculation and analytical collection and processing of the results of forest entomological examination of pine, oak, birch plantations, monitoring of the impact of different types of pheromone traps on the effectiveness of entomological forecasts. , as well as conducting route surveys of arriving and mature stands to determine the nature of drying depending on the degree of damage by different species of needles and leaf-eating pests.According to the results of the work, it was established that pheromones are a very effective method of monitoring and diagnosing various types of forest pests. It was found that most of the studied forest pests respond quite effectively to pheromonization and this will further allow not only to monitor but also to predict possible outbreaks of mass reproduction of forest pests in the conditions not only of the State Enterprise "Zarichanske Forestry" Zhytomyr Polissya in particular.The scope of the research results is forestry enterprises of the Zhytomyr Regional Department of Forestry and Hunting in order to preserve and protect pine, oak, aspen, birch, alder forest plantations from forest pests in the Polissya region of Ukraine.The conclusions of the research are that the use of pheromones in pheromone traps allows to detect the presence of the species in nature, the beginning of flight of the adult pest and to determine the time for measures to destroy it, to obtain data on the number of poisoned pests during the flight or other period of time. . Conduct forest pathological observations of changes in the number of pest populations. The pheromone method of diagnosis makes it possible to objectively count the outbreaks of certain species of forest pests and the ability to compare their current numbers with the number of pests of previous years. Promptly implement measures to carry out forest protection measures in the Polissya zone of Zhytomyr region. Practical recommendations for the use of pheromones for monitoring and forecasting of coniferous and leaf-eating pests are given, the threshold (economically dangerous) quantities of catching pests with pheromone traps are recommended. As a result of our research, we found that the maximum criterion for catching silkworms-nuns in pine plantations during the flight is 50 males / ha. The traps are placed at the rate of 4-6 pcs. on 3-5 hectares. For the unpaired silkworm, this figure is 60 males, for the pine moth - 30. Pheromone traps are essential in determining the direction and rate of spread of populations of major coniferous and leaf-eating pests. We found that the use of pheromone traps in accounting areas located in hard-to-reach habitats of pests has significant prospects, where the use of traditional methods of counting (route-key ground survey with felling of trees and knocking) at the beginning and end of the season remains almost the only method. observation and requires large labor and material costs. It has been established that pheromone traps make it possible to study previously unknown aspects of the biology and ecology of pests of the squamous family. It is investigated that the variability of some morphological characteristics of adult insects during the flight season, as well as the mechanisms of sexual communication of adults, the study of which is of great importance in the organization of the pheromone monitoring system. It is substantiated that the use of pheromone traps for monitoring forest entomological studies is especially appropriate at extremely low densities of forest pest populations, when it is almost impossible to detect the insect visually. It is proved that the use of pheromone traps allows to predict the timing of measures to control leaf and coniferous rodent pests in forest stands. As a result of research, we have proved that pheromone traps are used as a means to reduce the number of males by catch, ie to create a so-called male vacuum, thus trying to increase the number of unfertilized females in the population. The results of research confirm that this method of control of scale insects is possible only in relatively small isolated forest stands with a low number of pests and is often ineffective. We found that this method is most often applied to bark beetles and to a lesser extent to beetles. During the research, we observed numerous examples of reducing the loss of forest stands when catching bark beetles in this way.Keywords: pheromones, traps, coniferous-rodent pests, leaf-rodent pests, monitoring, prognosis, adult.

Ophiostoma species (Ascomycetes: Ophiostomatales) associated with bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) colonizing Pinus radiata in northern Spain

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 756-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Romón ◽  
XuDong Zhou ◽  
Juan Carlos Iturrondobeitia ◽  
Michael J. Wingfield ◽  
Arturo Goldarazena
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Ophiostoma Piceae ◽  
Resource Overlap ◽  
Colonization Patterns ◽  
Fungal Associates

Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) are known to be associated with fungi, especially species of Ophiostoma sensu lato and Ceratocystis . However, very little is known about these fungi in Spain. In this study, we examined the fungi associated with 13 bark beetle species and one weevil (Coleoptera: Entiminae) infesting Pinus radiata in the Basque Country of northern Spain. This study included an examination of 1323 bark beetles or their galleries in P. radiata. Isolations yielded a total of 920 cultures, which included 16 species of Ophiostoma sensu lato or their asexual states. These 16 species included 69 associations between fungi and bark beetles and weevils that have not previously been recorded. The most commonly encountered fungal associates of the bark beetles were Ophiostoma ips , Leptographium guttulatum , Ophiostoma stenoceras , and Ophiostoma piceae . In most cases, the niche of colonization had a significant effect on the abundance and composition of colonizing fungi. This confirms that resource overlap between species is reduced by partial spatial segregation. Interaction between niche and time seldom had a significant effect, which suggests that spatial colonization patterns are rarely flexible throughout timber degradation. The differences in common associates among the bark beetle species could be linked to the different niches that these beetles occupy.

Fungal associates of five bark beetle species colonizing Norway spruce

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2115-2122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Fungal Associates

Fungi associated with five bark beetle species colonizing Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) were isolated from beetle-inoculated logs. Ipstypographus L., an aggressive tree-killing bark beetle, was associated with a different range of blue-stain fungi than the nonaggressive Pityogeneschalcographus L., Polygraphuspoligraphus L., and Hylurgopspalliatus Gyll. The flora of the nonaggressive Ipsduplicatus Sahib. was similar to that of I. typographus. The pathogenic fungus Ceratocystispolonica (Siem.) C. Moreau, and other blue-stain fungi, were isolated in high frequency from inoculations with both Ips species. Pathogenic blue-stain fungi were absent, or isolated in low frequencies, from inoculations with the other nonaggressive beetle species. With the exception of I. duplicatus, these results support the hypothesis that aggressive bark beetles carry more pathogenic blue-stain fungi than other bark beetles and indicate that pathogenic fungi are important for aggressive bark beetles to kill trees.

scholarly journals An invasive beetle–fungus complex is maintained by fungal nutritional-compensation mediated by bacterial volatiles

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2829-2842
Author(s):  
Fanghua Liu ◽  
Jacob D. Wickham ◽  
Qingjie Cao ◽  
Min Lu ◽  
Jianghua Sun
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Amylase Genes ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Invasive Beetle ◽  
Beneficial Fungi

Abstract Mutualisms between symbiotic microbes and animals have been well documented, and nutritional relationships provide the foundation for maintaining beneficial associations. The well-studied mutualism between bark beetles and their fungi has become a classic model system in the study of symbioses. Despite the nutritional competition between bark beetles and beneficial fungi in the same niche due to poor nutritional feeding substrates, bark beetles still maintain mutualistic associations with beneficial fungi over time. The mechanism behind this phenomenon, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated the bark beetle Dendroctonus valens LeConte relies on the symbiotic bacterial volatile ammonia, as a nitrogen source, to regulate carbohydrate metabolism of its mutualistic fungus Leptographium procerum to alleviate nutritional competition, thereby maintaining the stability of the bark beetle–fungus mutualism. Ammonia significantly reduces competition of L. procerum for carbon resources for D. valens larval growth and increases fungal growth. Using stable isotope analysis, we show the fungus breakdown of phloem starch into d-glucose by switching on amylase genes only in the presence of ammonia. Deletion of amylase genes interferes with the conversion of starch to glucose. The acceleration of carbohydrate consumption and the conversion of starch into glucose benefit this invasive beetle–fungus complex. The nutrient consumption–compensation strategy mediated by tripartite beetle–fungus–bacterium aids the maintenance of this invasive mutualism under limited nutritional conditions, exacerbating its invasiveness with this competitive nutritional edge.

scholarly journals Associations of Phoretic Mites on Bark Beetles of the Genus Ips in the Black Sea Mountains of Turkey

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
Cihan Cilbircioğlu ◽  
Marta Kovač ◽  
Milan Pernek
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Forest Pests ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Suitable Habitats ◽  
First Time

Phoretic mites use bark beetles for transportation to new, suitable habitats. Some phoretic mites act as predators and parasitoids of the bark beetles’ immature stages, especially egg and early larval stages, and are potential agents for the biological control of scolytine forest pests. Mites live very frequently in relationships with other invertebrates. Many are found in association with various species of bark beetles. Here, a total of 41 specimens of different bark beetles of the genus Ips (Ips acuminatus, Ips sexdentatus and Ips typographus) were studied for presence, species composition, and abundance of phoretic mites. The beetles were collected on dead wood and parts of tree bark of Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies in the Black Sea Mountains in Kastamonu and Artin Province of Turkey. A total of nine mite species were found, including Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus, Ereynetes sp., Histiostoma piceae, Paraleius cf. leontonychus, Pleuronectocelaeno barbara., Proctolaelaps hystricoides, Schizostethus simulatrix, Trichouropoda lamellosa and Uroobovellaipidis. All species are identified for the first time within Turkish fauna.

scholarly journals Drivers of Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) Infestations on Downed Trees after Severe Windthrow

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1290
Author(s):  
Branislav Hroššo ◽  
Pavel Mezei ◽  
Mária Potterf ◽  
Andrej Majdák ◽  
Miroslav Blaženec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Wind Damage ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Spruce Bark

Research Highlights: Bark beetles are important agents of disturbance regimes in temperate forests, and specifically in a connected wind-bark beetle disturbance system. Large-scale windthrows trigger population growth of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) from endemic to epidemic levels, thereby allowing the killing of Norway spruce trees over several consecutive years. Background and Objectives: There is a lack of evidence to differentiate how outbreaks are promoted by the effects of environmental variables versus beetle preferences of trees from endemic to outbreak. However, little is known about how individual downed-tree characteristics and local conditions such as tree orientation and solar radiation affect beetle colonization of downed trees. Materials and Methods: To answer this question, we investigated the infestation rates and determined tree death categories (uprooted, broken, and stump) in wind-damaged areas in Western Tatra Mts. in Carpathians (Slovakia) from 2014–2016, following a windthrow in May 2014. In total, we investigated 225 trees over eight transects. For every tree, we measured its morphological (tree height, crown characteristics), environmental (solar radiation, terrain conditions, trunk zenith), temporal (time since wind damage), and beetle infestation (presence, location of attack, bark desiccation) parameters. We applied Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) to unravel the main drivers of I. typographus infestations. Results: Over the first year, beetles preferred to attack broken trees and sun-exposed trunk sides over uprooted trees; the infestation on shaded sides started in the second year along with the infestation of uprooted trees with lower desiccation rates. We found that time since wind damage, stem length, and incident solar radiation increased the probability of beetle infestation, although both solar radiation and trunk zenith exhibited nonlinear variability. Our novel variable trunk zenith appeared to be an important predictor of bark beetle infestation probability. We conclude that trunk zenith as a simple measure defining the position of downed trees over the terrain can anticipate beetle infestation. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to understanding of the bark beetle’s preferences to colonize windthrown trees in the initial years after the primary wind damage. Further, our findings can help to identify trees that are most susceptible to beetle infestation and to prioritize management actions to control beetle population while maintaining biodiversity.

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