scholarly journals Fees or refuges: which is better for the sustainable management of insect resistance to transgenic Bt corn?

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Vacher ◽  
Denis Bourguet ◽  
Marion Desquilbet ◽  
Stéphane Lemarié ◽  
Stéfan Ambec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Management ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
And Control

The evolution of resistance in insect pests will imperil the efficiency of transgenic insect-resistant crops. The currently advised strategy to delay resistance evolution is to plant non-toxic crops (refuges) in close proximity to plants engineered to express the toxic protein of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ). We seek answers to the question of how to induce growers to plant non-toxic crops. A first strategy, applied in the United States, is to require Bt growers to plant non- Bt refuges and control their compliance with requirements. We suggest that an alternative strategy is to make Bt seed more expensive by instituting a user fee, and we compare both strategies by integrating economic processes into a spatially explicit, population genetics model. Our results indicate that although both strategies may allow the sustainable management of the common pool of Bt -susceptibility alleles in pest populations, for the European corn borer ( Ostrinia nubilalis ) one of the most serious pests in the US corn belt, the fee strategy is less efficient than refuge requirements.

scholarly journals Sebelas Tahun Perkembangan Jagung Bt dan Statusnya secara Global

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
M. Herman
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Bt Corn ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
The Us ◽  
Bt Crop ◽  
First Time

<p>Major insect pests of corn are the Asian<br />corn borer, the European corn borer, and the corn root<br />worm. The value of crop losses due to the insect pests in<br />America is $2.6 billion, Asia $1.6 billion, Africa $0.8 billion,<br />and Europe $0.6 billion. Prior to the use of Bt corn, farmers<br />used a lot of insecticides to control the insect pests.<br />Following introduction of the Bt corn in 1996, this crop has<br />been grown over 21 million hectares by millions of farmers<br />from 13 countries in North America, Latin America, Asia,<br />Africa and Europe. Globally, the farmers had been benefited<br />by grownt the Bt corn. The benefits varies, dependent on<br />countries and level of the corn borer infestations. In 2001,<br />the US farmers gained $125 million benefit from growing the<br />crop. In 2002, farmers in Spain gained 11-15 million benefit<br />from the Bt corn alone. During the period of 2003-2005, corn<br />farmers in the Philippines gained $8 million from the Bt corn.<br />Bt corn has not been grown commercially in Indonesia,<br />although Bt corn MON810 has been declared as save to<br />release in the environment by the Indonesian Biosafety<br />Committee. In 2001-2002, farmers in South Sulawesi with<br />had grown Bt cotton, this was the first time Bt crop in the<br />country since the placement and implementation of the<br />biosafety regulation by the Indonesian Government in 1998.</p>

scholarly journals Maize inbred line B96 is the source of large-effect loci for resistance to generalist but not specialist spider mites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huyen Bui ◽  
Robert Greenhalgh ◽  
Gunbharpur S. Gill ◽  
Meiyuan Ji ◽  
Andre H. Kurlovs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Oligonychus Pratensis

AbstractMaize (Zea mays subsp. mays) yield loss from arthropod herbivory is substantial. While the basis of resistance to major insect herbivores has been comparatively well-studied in maize, less is known about resistance to spider mite herbivores, which are distantly related to insects and feed by a different mechanism. Two spider mites, the generalist Tetranychus urticae, and the grass-specialist Oligonychus pratensis, are notable pests of maize, especially during drought conditions. We assessed the resistance to both mite species of 38 highly diverse maize lines, including several previously reported to be resistant to one or the other mite species. We found that line B96, as well as its derivatives B49 and B75, were highly resistant to T. urticae. In contrast, neither these three lines, nor any others included in our study, were notably resistant to O. pratensis. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping with F2 populations from crosses of B49, B75, and B96 to susceptible B73 identified a large-effect QTL on chromosome 6 as underlying T. urticae resistance in each line, with an additional QTL on chromosome 1 in B96. Genome sequencing and haplotype analyses identified B96 as the apparent sole source of resistance haplotypes. Our study identifies loci for use in maize breeding programs for T. urticae resistance, as well as to assess if the molecular-genetic basis of spider mite resistance is shared with insect pests of maize, as B96 is also among the most resistant known maize lines to several insects, including the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis.Key message Maize(Zea mays subsp. mays) inbred lines B49, B75, and B96 harbor large-effect loci for resistance to the generalist spider mite Tetranychus urticae, but not the specialist Oligonychus pratensis.

DEVELOPMENTAL ADAPTATION OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER (OSTRINIA NUBILALIS HÜBNER) IN ALBERTA

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis A. Lee ◽  
John R. Spence
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Corn Borers ◽  
Developmental Thresholds ◽  
Temperature Thresholds ◽  
Higher Temperature

AbstractTemperature effects on development were studied for two Alberta populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), from the South Saskatchewan River valley and the surrounding plains. Lower developmental thresholds for all life stages of both Alberta populations were determined by linear regression. Thresholds for the egg stage were significantly less for plains borers (9.5°C) than for valley borers (10.8°C), and about 2°C lower than for corn borers from the United States. Thresholds in Alberta populations for the 4th (15.3°C) and 5th (14.0°C, plains) instars, and for post-diapause pupation (12.8°C), were much higher than in populations from the United States. Higher temperature thresholds delay development in Alberta populations, thus reducing midsummer pupation. Valley populations developed significantly faster than plains populations during egg development, during the prepupal period of the 5th instar, and during post-diapause pupation. These results explain why valley populations have a partial second generation in some years.

Panama

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
New Granada ◽  
The Us ◽  
Full Independence ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military

Since declaring independence from Spain in 1821, Panama struggled for nearly two centuries to forge a true sovereignty. Free from Madrid’s control, the province found itself subordinated first by Gran Colombia, later New Granada, and after gaining a measure of independence in a 1903 secessionist revolution, by the United States which built a canal and attached zone through which Washington dominated the nation. Domestically, Panama also wrestled with the complexities of a multiracial, class-divided society ruled by a European-descended elite and political infighting among populists and the military that impeded liberal democracy. Gradually, a nationalist movement that sought greater state formation and control over the canal coalesced around mid-century. But the importance of the waterway to Washington imposed constraints on this movement’s success until the 1978 ratification of the Carter-Torrijos treaties which ensured the transfer of the canal to Panama by century’s end. In 1989, concerns over political tyranny, drug trafficking, and the integrity of the upcoming canal transfer compelled the United States to invade Panama and end the military dictatorship (1968–1989) while restoring a form of elite-dominated democracy. After nearly a hundred years of resistance and diplomacy, Panama finally won full independence on December 31, 1999, taking possession of the canal and the remnants of the US-run enclave. Problems of how to reorganize the republic’s economy and political structure, as well as persistent corruption and poverty, complicated the post-US era. Still, with its unique geostrategic position in the world economy, opportunities as well as obstacles confront Panama today finally freed from a century of neocolonialism.

Appearance of microfungi in maize stalks due to injuries caused by the European corn borer ( Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
F. Pál-Fám ◽  
Z. Varga ◽  
S. Keszthelyi
Keyword(s):  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Mitosporic Fungi ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Maize Stalks

A better understanding of the relationships between insects and microfungi could help to identify the unknown factors reducing yields in maize. As the first step in current research, the aim was to isolate the microfungal species that can be found in the larval cavity of the European corn borer ( Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. Lepidoptera. Pyraustidae ) (ECB), one of the most important insect pests of maize. In this way, the scale of potential phytopathogens spread by intermediate hosts could be reduced.Fifty stalk sections damaged by ECB larvae were collected in autumn and fifty in spring on a 20-hectare plot in Ráksi (Somogy county). These were placed in wet chambers and incubated at room temperature under natural light. Identification was done from a pure culture inoculated into potato dextrose agar. Twenty-one species from 14 fungus genera were identified, the majority of which were mitosporic fungi. Species belonging to the Fusarium, Acremoniella and Cladosporium genera were predominant. Most of the species were saprotrophic, though some phytopathogenic species ( Gibberella, Colletotrichum, Nigrospora and Fusarium ) were also identified. The number of genera and the incidence of fungi were much higher in spring samples than in autumn ones, except for Fusarium , where incidence was lower in spring. It was found that failing to harvest the maize significantly enhanced the spread of several fungus species, especially phytopathogenic species, the following year, thereby serving as a source of infection.

Capabilities of global high-level isolation units: A pre-workshop survey

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jocelyn J. Herstein ◽  
Timo Wolf ◽  
Emanuele Nicastri ◽  
Yee Sin Leo ◽  
Poh Lian Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Electronic Survey ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
The Us ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
Staffing And Training ◽  
And Control

Abstract Objective: To assess experience, physical infrastructure, and capabilities of high-level isolation units (HLIUs) planning to participate in a 2018 global HLIU workshop hosted by the US National Emerging Special Pathogens Training and Education Center (NETEC). Design: An electronic survey elicited information on general HLIU organization, operating costs, staffing models, and infection control protocols of select global units. Setting and participants: The survey was distributed to site representatives of 22 HLIUs located in the United States, Europe, and Asia; 19 (86%) responded. Methods: Data were coded and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The mean annual reported budget for the 19 responding units was US$484,615. Most (89%) had treated a suspected or confirmed case of a high-consequence infectious disease. Reported composition of trained teams included a broad range of clinical and nonclinical roles. The mean number of HLIU beds was 6.37 (median, 4; range, 2–20) for adults and 4.23 (median, 2; range, 1–10) for children; however, capacity was dependent on pathogen. Conclusions: Responding HLIUs represent some of the most experienced HLIUs in the world. Variation in reported unit infrastructure, capabilities, and procedures demonstrate the variety of HLIU approaches. A number of technical questions unique to HLIUs remain unanswered related to physical design, infection prevention and control procedures, and staffing and training. These key areas represent potential focal points for future evidence and practice guidelines. These data are important considerations for hospitals considering the design and development of HLIUs, and there is a need for continued global HLIU collaboration to define best practices.

Industry Self-Regulation in the US and in the EU

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Tijana Milosevic
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Private Regulation ◽  
Independent Evaluation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Regulatory Instruments ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
And Control

This chapter analyzes the regulatory environment with implications for digital bullying with a specific focus on the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). Relevant regulatory stakeholders are explained as well as the process of self-regulation vs. traditional, command-and-control legislation and the benefits and downsides of each in the context of digital bullying. Self-regulation is distinguished from private regulation and corporate social responsibility (CSR) and literature that compares differences in self-regulatory traditions in the US and EU is examined, together with discussions on co-regulation. The term “alternative regulatory instruments” or ARIs (Lievens, 2010) is proposed and the author specifies how the terms “self-regulation” and “private regulation” are used in the book and subsequent chapters. It is argued that few companies examined in this book have been part of traditional self-regulatory initiatives but have rather adopted and developed policies via industry best practices. The issue of scarcity of independent evaluation, especially from children’s perspective, is raised, and how such a state of affairs reflects upon children’s rights.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document