scholarly journals Reaction of Selected Cultivars of Sugar Maple to Anthracnose in North Alabama

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-278
Author(s):  
A. K. Hagan ◽  
K. L. Bowen ◽  
K. N. Conner ◽  
J. L. Sibley ◽  
A. W. Caylor
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Color Display ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Upper South ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Anthracnose, caused by the fungus Discula campestris, appeared in a planting of 18 sugar maple cultivars in Cullman, AL (USDA Hardiness Zone 7a). Sizable differences in the timing of disease onset and intensification were noted between sugar maple cultivars. On susceptible cultivars, the appearance of reddish-brown lesions 4 to 10 mm in diameter, sometimes with a tan center and yellow border, in June was followed with the initiation of premature defoliation by mid-July. By early fall, the susceptible cultivars Goldspire, Seneca Chief, and Sugar Queen along with the moderately susceptible cultivars Endowment, Fairview, Flax Mill Majesty, Morton, and Sweet Shadow were defoliated and showed no fall color. In contrast, disease onset was delayed, the level of premature defoliation greatly reduced, and fall color display unaffected on the anthracnose resistant cultivars Autumn Blush, Autumn Faith, Fall Fiesta, and Legacy, all of which would be excellent choices for amenity and commercial landscapes in the Mid- and Upper South. Among the representative cultivars of the four resistance classes, total rainfall and mean temperature influenced premature anthracnose-induced defoliation on the susceptible Sugar Queen and moderately resistant Commemoration, but not on the resistant Fall Fiesta or the moderately susceptible Flax Mill Majesty sugar maples. Accepted for publication 28 November 2016.

scholarly journals 571 EVALUATION AND PROPAGATION OF SUPERIOR CADDO MAPLES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 513e-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Pair
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Green Mountain ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
South Central ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Early Fall

In 1983, a trial was initiated to compare numerous selections of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) for adaptability to stressful conditions in south central Kansas (zone 6). Included were seedlings of Caddo maple, a southern ecotype, collected from a population native to central Oklahoma. Selected trees have shown superior resistance to scorch and leaf tatter compared to cultivars in the trade. Pre-dawn measurements indicated higher xylem water potential than `Green Mountain' and `Fairview' under drought stress. Leaf emergence of Caddo maples has been earlier in the spring, and fall color develops later than other sugar maples. Propagation of potential cultivars with early fall color has been principally by T-budding on Caddo understock in July and August, although side-veneer grafting in winter has been successful. In addition to superior summer leaf quality, growth in caliper and total height has been greater than other A. saccharum cultivars.

scholarly journals Effects of Integrating Cultivar Resistance and Fungicide Application on Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol in Winter Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 554-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen N. Wegulo ◽  
William W. Bockus ◽  
John Hernandez Nopsa ◽  
Erick D. De Wolf ◽  
Kent M. Eskridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cultivar Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Fungicide Efficacy ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab, incited by Fusarium graminearum, can cause significant economic losses in small grain production. Five field experiments were conducted from 2007 to 2009 to determine the effects on FHB and the associated mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) of integrating winter wheat cultivar resistance and fungicide application. Other variables measured were yield and the percentage of Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK). The fungicides prothioconazole + tebuconazole (formulated as Prosaro 421 SC) were applied at the rate of 0.475 liters/ha, or not applied, to three cultivars (experiments 1 to 3) or six cultivars (experiments 4 and 5) differing in their levels of resistance to FHB and DON accumulation. The effect of cultivar on FHB index was highly significant (P < 0.0001) in all five experiments. Under the highest FHB intensity and no fungicide application, the moderately resistant cultivars Harry, Heyne, Roane, and Truman had less severe FHB than the susceptible cultivars 2137, Jagalene, Overley, and Tomahawk (indices of 30 to 46% and 78 to 99%, respectively). Percent fungicide efficacy in reducing index and DON was greater in moderately resistant than in susceptible cultivars. Yield was negatively correlated with index, with FDK, and with DON, whereas index was positively correlated with FDK and with DON, and FDK and DON were positively correlated. Correlation between index and DON, index and FDK, and FDK and DON was stronger in susceptible than in moderately resistant cultivars, whereas the negative correlation between yield and FDK and yield and DON was stronger in moderately resistant than in susceptible cultivars. Overall, the strongest correlation was between index and DON (0.74 ≤ R ≤ 0.88, P ≤ 0.05). The results from this study indicate that fungicide efficacy in reducing FHB and DON was greater in moderately resistant cultivars than in susceptible ones. This shows that integrating cultivar resistance with fungicide application can be an effective strategy for management of FHB and DON in winter wheat.

scholarly journals Influence of Soybean Cropping Sequences on Seed Yield and Female Index of the Soybean Cyst Nematode

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 615-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence D. Young
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Resistant Cultivar ◽  
Breeding Line ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Cropping Sequence ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Female Index

Several soybean (Glycine max) cropping sequences were planted for 12 years in a field that, at the beginning of the test, was infested with race 14 of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Continuous soybean cropping sequences included H. glycines-susceptible cultivars Forrest, J82-21, Peking × Centennial breeding line, and moderately resistant cultivars Bedford and J81-116. Forrest treated with aldicarb or pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) plus metalaxyl and resistant breeding line JS83-236 followed by resistant cultivars Cordell and Hartwig were additional continuous soybean sequences. Rotations included two sequences each of Bedford with J81-116 or J82-21, and three sequences of Bedford with corn (Zea mays) and susceptible Essex soybean. Rotations of Bedford, corn, and Essex had 12-year mean yields significantly greater than continuous Bedford or Forrest. The female index (FI) of H. glycines on five cultivars and lines was used to bioassay changes in parasitic potential in each cropping sequence. The FI on Bedford bioassay plants increased significantly over time for all field treatments involving Bedford. When J82-21 was the bioassay plant, FI decreased significantly in treatments involving Bedford. There were no significant changes in FI for any treatment when Forrest, J81-16, and Peking were used as bioassays. Rotations of soybean cultivars with different sources of resistance and rotations of resistant and susceptible cultivars with a nonhost crop were not successful practices to manage the nematode's ability to parasitize the resistant cultivar Bedford. However, rotation of resistant and susceptible cultivars with a nonhost crop produced greater mean soybean yields and slowed the shift toward greater parasitism of the resistant cultivar sufficiently to warrant adoption of this practice.

scholarly journals Age-Dependent Resistance toRhizoctonia solaniin Sugar Beet

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 2322-2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangxi Liu ◽  
Aiming Qi ◽  
Mohamed F. R. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Crown And Root Rot ◽  
Barley Grains ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Rhizoctonia crown and root rot of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), caused by Rhizoctonia solani, continues to be one of the important concerns for the beet industry in Minnesota and North Dakota. Use of resistant cultivars is an important strategy in the management of R. solani in combination with seed treatment and timely fungicide application during the growing season. The objective of this greenhouse study was to determine how sugar beet plants responded to increasing age in resistance to R. solani. Each of three seed companies provided three commercial cultivars with varying R. solani resistance levels: susceptible, moderately resistant, and resistant. Seed were planted at a weekly interval to create different plant age groups from seed to 10-week-old plants, with growing degree days (GDD) ranging from 0 to 1,519 thermal time (°Cd). Seed and plants were all simultaneously inoculated with R. solani AG2-2-infested barley grains. Twenty-eight days after inoculation, plants were pulled and washed, and roots were evaluated for disease severity. All cultivars were highly susceptible to R. solani when inoculated at seed to 3 weeks old (0 to 464°Cd). At 4 and 5 weeks of plant age (617 to 766°Cd), resistant cultivars started to show significant resistance to R. solani. Proportion of the affected roots with disease score ≥ 5 followed a sigmoid response, declining with increased GDD in moderately resistant and resistant cultivars, whereas it continued to decline linearly with increased GDD in susceptible cultivars. This study demonstrated that sugar beet cultivars, regardless of their assigned level of R. solani resistance, were highly susceptible to the pathogen before they reached the six- to eight-leaf stage at 4 to 5 weeks (617 to 766°Cd) after planting. Therefore, additional protection in the form of seed treatment or fungicide application may be required to protect sensitive sugar beet seed and seedlings in fields with a history of R. solani under favorable environmental conditions.

Impact of powdery mildew on the yield of soft white spring wheat cultivars

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Conner ◽  
A. D. Kuzyk ◽  
H. Su
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Blumeria Graminis ◽  
Resistant Cultivar ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Soft White Spring Wheat ◽  
Moderately Resistant

The effect of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) on the grain yield and protein content of one susceptible, Springfield, and three moderately resistant cultivars, Fielder, AC Reed and AC Nanda, of soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) was examined at two field locations near Lethbridge and Vauxhall, Alberta, in 1999 and 2000. At the start of heading, powdery mildew development was suppressed in half of the plots of each cultivar by a single spray application of the fungicide Tilt (propiconazole). Severe powdery mildew infection of the susceptible cultivar Springfield resulted in yield reductions ranging from 11.4 to 19.9%. The grain yield of the moderately resistant cultivar Fielder was significantly reduced at both sites in 1999 by 7.6–10.5% while AC Reed suffered a significant yield loss (7.6–9.1%) at Lethbridge in both years. The moderately resistant cultivar AC Nanda consistently had the lowest powdery mildew ratings and its yield was unaffected by the disease. A single fungicide application prevented disease buildup on the moderately resistant cultivars, but not on Springfield. The grain protein content of the moderately resistant cultivars was unaffected by powdery mildew, but it decreased in Springfield by 0.6–0.7%. Key words: Powdery mildew, Propiconazole, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, wheat, Triticum aestivum, resistance

Temporal change (1988–1990) in sugar maple health, and factors associated with crown condition

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1776-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas C. Allen ◽  
Charles J. Barnett ◽  
Imants Millers ◽  
Denis Lachance
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Temporal Change ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Crown Transparency ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Foliage Density ◽  
Crown Dieback

Change in the health of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) and associated northern hardwoods was evaluated for 3 years (1988–1990) in seven states and four provinces. Generally, levels of crown dieback and crown transparency (a measure of foliage density) in 165 stands decreased during this period. In 1990, less than 7% of all dominant–codominant sugar maples (n = 7317) exhibited crown dieback ≥ 20%. Significantly (p = 0.05) fewer of these maples were classified as having high crown transparency (≥ 30%) in 1990 compared with 1988. Crowns of maples that received moderate (31–60%) or heavy (> 60%) pear thrips (Taeniothripsinconsequens (Uzel)) damage for 1 year recovered the following year. Crowns of maples exposed to severe drought in 1988 (Wisconsin) continued to show the effects (high transparency) of this stress in 1990. A majority (69–71%) of the dominant–codominant sugar maples with high (≥ 20%) crown dieback had bole and (or) root damage. Of those maples with crown dieback ≥ 50%, 86% had bole and (or) root damage. The condition of sugar maple in operating sugar bushes and undisturbed stands was similar. The condition of sugar maple crowns was similar in locations presumably exposed to low, medium, and high levels of sulfate deposition.

scholarly journals Importance of Antixenosis and Antibiosis Resistance to the Cabbage Whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella) in Brussels Sprout Cultivars

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hondelmann ◽  
Christina Paul ◽  
Monika Schreiner ◽  
Rainer Meyhöfer
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Choice Experiments ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Brussels Sprout ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Aleyrodes Proletella ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Circular Design

The cabbage whitefly Aleyrodes proletella (L.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is an important pest of a wide range of vegetable Brassicas. Since the control of this pest is still challenging, new approaches such as the use of resistant cultivars are required. For this, we screened 16 commercialised Brussels sprout cultivars for resistance against this species. Antibiosis was tested with no-choice experiments in a climate chamber, using reproduction, mortality, longevity, developmental time and weight as parameters. Antixenosis was screened in three choice experiments with circular design in a greenhouse to detect cultivar preferences. A field trial with both antibiosis and antixenosis tests was done to verify results under natural conditions. Finally, for several cultivars, also the leaf glucosinolate concentrations were analysed. Cabbage whiteflies showed on certain cultivars significantly increased mortality, prolonged developmental times and reduced weights. Besides, some cultivars were significantly less infested. However, the incidence of antibiosis and antixenosis as well as the glucosinolate patterns were partly inconsistent. Although a number of moderately resistant cultivars could be identified, the detected resistance is certainly not strong and consistent enough as an exclusive measure of a plant protection strategy but might become a component of a multi-layered strategy against cabbage whiteflies.

Timing of a cellular reaction in rice cultivars associated with differing degrees of resistance to Pyricularia oryzae

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2704-2710 ◽  
Author(s):  
You-Liang Peng ◽  
Jiko Shishiyama
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Aniline Blue Staining

To clarify the relationship between histological events and lesion formation in incompatible rice and rice blast fungus interaction, penetration frequency, growth of infection hyphae, and cellular reactions were compared in 12 cultivars, each of which showed one of the following four resistant reactions: highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, or intermediate. Penetration frequency varied depending on the cultivar, leaf age, and fungal isolate. Papilla-like structures were observed at some unsuccessful penetration sites, but their formation was too restricted to be responsible for the penetration failure of most conidia. Growth of infection hyphae stopped before 24 h in highly resistant cultivars, before 36 h in resistant cultivars, and later than 36 h in moderately resistant cultivars. The growth inhibition of infection hyphae was coincident with the occurrence of a light brown coloration and aniline blue staining of cell walls (B reactions) around infection sites in these cultivars. These results indicate a close relationship between occurrence of B reactions and growth inhibition of infection hyphae and suggest that the time required for B reactions to occur and for growth infection hyphae to stop varies according to degree of host resistance.

Discolouration and decay associated with paraformaldehyde-treated tapholes in sugar maple

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell S. Walters ◽  
Alex L. Shigo
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Final Measurement ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
And Control

More decay (higher incidence and greater total length of column) was associated with tapholes in mature sugar maples (Acersaccharum Marsh.) treated with a 250-mg paraformaldehyde pill than with control tapholes. This was apparent 20 months after treatment and at each successive examination to the final measurement at 56 months. Discoloured columns associated with pill-treated tapholes were longer than those associated with control tapholes for the first 8 months. From that time until the final measurement there were no statistically significant differences between lengths of discoloured columns associated with pill-treated and control tapholes. Cambial dieback occurred adjacent to many tapholes but there was no significant difference in closure rates of treated and control tapholes. Results were obtained from dissections and studies of 180 mature trees over a 56-month period in six locations in Vermont in one experiment, and from 75 trees over a 20-month period in three locations each in Vermont, Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan in another experiment. The results indicate that repeated use of paraformaldehyde will lead to rapid development of decay in sugar maple trees.

Suitability of Acer saccharum and Acer pensylvanicum (Aceraceae) for rearing Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 751-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann E. Hajek ◽  
David M. Kalb
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Anoplophora Glabripennis ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Longhorned Beetles ◽  
Early Fall

AbstractStriped maple (Acer pensylvanicum L.) was compared with sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) for use in rearing Asian longhorned beetles (Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)). Adult females lived longer when caged with twigs and small bolts harvested from A. pensylvanicum during late spring through early fall than with material from A. saccharum collected at the same time. Females had a shorter life-span when fed plant material from either tree species harvested from late fall through winter than with plant material from A. pensylvanicum harvested from late spring through early fall. Female A. glabripennis laid more viable eggs when provided with A. pensylvanicum rather than A. saccharum. Regardless of which of these two tree species females had experienced previously, they always chose to lay more eggs in A. pensylvanicum than in A. saccharum. Rearing A. glabripennis on A. pensylvanicum is therefore more efficient, especially when twigs and wood collected from late spring through early fall are used.

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