scholarly journals Risk Factors for Influenza-Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness Hospitalization in South Africa, 2012–2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Tempia ◽  
Sibongile Walaza ◽  
Jocelyn Moyes ◽  
Adam L. Cohen ◽  
Claire von Mollendorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness

Abstract Background Data on risk factors for influenza-associated hospitalizations in low- and middle-income countries are limited. Methods We conducted active syndromic surveillance for hospitalized severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) and outpatient influenza-like illness (ILI) in 2 provinces of South Africa during 2012–2015. We compared the characteristics of influenza-positive patients with SARI to those with ILI to identify factors associated with severe disease requiring hospitalization, using unconditional logistic regression. Results During the study period, influenza virus was detected in 5.9% (110 of 1861) and 15.8% (577 of 3652) of SARI and ILI cases, respectively. On multivariable analysis factors significantly associated with increased risk of influenza-associated SARI hospitalization were as follows: younger and older age (<6 months [adjusted odds ratio {aOR}, 37.6], 6–11 months [aOR, 31.9], 12–23 months [aOR, 22.1], 24–59 months [aOR, 7.1], and ≥65 years [aOR, 40.7] compared with 5–24 years of age), underlying medical conditions (aOR, 4.5), human immunodeficiency virus infection (aOR, 4.3), and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization density ≥1000 deoxyribonucleic acid copies/mL (aOR, 4.8). Underlying medical conditions in children aged <5 years included asthma (aOR, 22.7), malnutrition (aOR, 2.4), and prematurity (aOR, 4.8); in persons aged ≥5 years, conditions included asthma (aOR, 3.6), diabetes (aOR, 7.1), chronic lung diseases (aOR, 10.7), chronic heart diseases (aOR, 9.6), and obesity (aOR, 21.3). Mine workers (aOR, 13.8) and pregnant women (aOR, 12.5) were also at increased risk for influenza-associated hospitalization. Conclusions The risk groups identified in this study may benefit most from annual influenza immunization, and children <6 months of age may be protected through vaccination of their mothers during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with hospitalisation for influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness in South Africa: A case-population study

Vaccine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (46) ◽  
pp. 5649-5655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tochukwu Raphael Abadom ◽  
Adrian D. Smith ◽  
Stefano Tempia ◽  
Shabir A. Madhi ◽  
Cheryl Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Population Study ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness

scholarly journals Mortality amongst Patients with Influenza-Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness, South Africa, 2009-2013

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e0118884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Cohen ◽  
Jocelyn Moyes ◽  
Stefano Tempia ◽  
Michelle Groome ◽  
Sibongile Walaza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness

scholarly journals Human bocavirus, coronavirus, and polyomavirus detected among patients hospitalised with severe acute respiratory illness in South Africa, 2012 to 2013

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. e59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Subramoney ◽  
Orienka Hellferscee ◽  
Marthi Pretorius ◽  
Stefano Tempia ◽  
Meredith McMorrow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness

scholarly journals Parainfluenza Virus Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Children and Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2009–2014

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam L. Cohen ◽  
Philip K. Sahr ◽  
Florette Treurnicht ◽  
Sibongile Walaza ◽  
Michelle J. Groome ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Attributable Fraction ◽  
Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Serostatus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness

Abstract Background.  Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is a common cause of acute respiratory tract infections, but little is known about PIV infection in children and adults in Africa, especially in settings where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence is high. Methods.  We conducted active, prospective sentinel surveillance for children and adults hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) from 2009 to 2014 in South Africa. We enrolled controls (outpatients without febrile or respiratory illness) to calculate the attributable fraction for PIV infection. Respiratory specimens were tested by multiplex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3. Results.  Of 18 282 SARI cases enrolled, 1188 (6.5%) tested positive for any PIV type: 230 (19.4%) were type 1; 168 (14.1%) were type 2; 762 (64.1%) were type 3; and 28 (2.4%) had coinfection with 2 PIV types. After adjusting for age, HIV serostatus, and respiratory viral coinfection, the attributable fraction for PIV was 65.6% (95% CI [confidence interval], 47.1–77.7); PIV contributed to SARI among HIV-infected and -uninfected children <5 years of age and among individuals infected with PIV types 1 and 3. The observed overall incidence of PIV-associated SARI was 38 (95% CI, 36–39) cases per 100 000 population and was highest in children <1 year of age (925 [95% CI, 864–989] cases per 100 000 population). Compared with persons without HIV, persons with HIV had an increased relative risk of PIV hospitalization (9.4; 95% CI, 8.5–10.3). Conclusions.  Parainfluenza virus causes substantial severe respiratory disease in South Africa among children <5 years of age, especially those that are infected with HIV.

scholarly journals The Impact of Influenza and Tuberculosis Interaction on Mortality Among Individuals Aged ≥15 Years Hospitalized With Severe Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2010–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibongile Walaza ◽  
Stefano Tempia ◽  
Halima Dawood ◽  
Ebrahim Variava ◽  
Nicole Wolter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Suspected Tuberculosis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

Abstract Background Data on the prevalence and impact of influenza–tuberculosis coinfection on clinical outcomes from high–HIV and –tuberculosis burden settings are limited. We explored the impact of influenza and tuberculosis coinfection on mortality among hospitalized adults with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). Methods We enrolled patients aged ≥15 years admitted with physician-diagnosed LRTI or suspected tuberculosis at 2 hospitals in South Africa from 2010 to 2016. Combined nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were tested for influenza and 8 other respiratory viruses. Tuberculosis testing of sputum included smear microscopy, culture, and/or Xpert MTB/Rif. Results Among 6228 enrolled individuals, 4253 (68%) were tested for both influenza and tuberculosis. Of these, the detection rate was 6% (239/4253) for influenza, 26% (1092/4253) for tuberculosis, and 77% (3113/4053) for HIV. One percent (42/4253) tested positive for both influenza and tuberculosis. On multivariable analysis, among tuberculosis-positive patients, factors independently associated with death were age group ≥65 years compared with 15–24 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–11.0) and influenza coinfection (aOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.02–5.2). Among influenza-positive patients, laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis was associated with an increased risk of death (aOR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.5–13.3). Coinfection with other respiratory viruses was not associated with increased mortality in patients positive for tuberculosis (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.4–1.1) or influenza (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 0.4–5.6). Conclusions Tuberculosis coinfection is associated with increased mortality in individuals with influenza, and influenza coinfection is associated with increased mortality in individuals with tuberculosis. These data may inform prioritization of influenza vaccines or antivirals for tuberculosis patients and inform tuberculosis testing guidelines for patients with influenza.

scholarly journals MO391RISK FACTORS OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY ILLNESS DURING CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wee Leng Gan ◽  
Boon Huei Kong
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness

Abstract Background and Aims Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is associated with poor outcome in severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic. This study aim at detetction of risk factors for AKI among patients admitted for SARI at our Center for COVID 19 screening. Method Restrospective study by reviewing admission notes from March 2020 until December 2020 at our district center. Patient aged more than 18 year old who admitted for SARI as defined by World Health Organisation and AKI as defined by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) guideline were included. Chronic kidney disease and End stage Renal Failure as defined by KDIGO were excluded. Results A total 230 ( 56%) patients out of 410 patients with SARI had AKI during hospitalisation. The mean age was 72 years old (SD 13.8), 130 (56.5%) were male and 100 ( 43.5%) were female. SARI patients with AKI took mean 5 days ( SD 0.9) to be admitted at our center from the first day of illness. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.2 kg/m2 . The mean arterial pressure was 52.1 ( SD 3.7) mmhg upon admission. The mean neutrophils lymphocytes ratio ( NLR ) was 22.4 (SD 2.4). The independant Risk factors for AKI in SARI are Male gender ( OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.35-2.6), smoking ( OR 0.72 ;95% CI 0.23- 2.3), ischaemic heart disease (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.06-3.8), diabetes mellitus ( OR 1.15; 95% CI 0.39-3.38) and hypertension ( OR 1.58; 95% CI 0.58-4.25). Conclusion Non modifiable risk factors for AKI in SARI include male gender and advance age. The modifiable risk factors for AKI in SARI are over weight, smoking, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. NLR play a role in predicting AKI among SARI patients. Delay hospitalisation and hypoperfusion predispose to AKI in SARI. Early recognition of risk factors is crucial in preventing deterioration of kidney function in SARI patients during the inital screening for COVID 19 infection.

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