scholarly journals Quantifying Early-Season Pest Injury and Yield Protection of Insecticide Seed Treatments in Corn and Soybean Production in Ontario, Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 2197-2212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn L Smith ◽  
Tracey S Baute ◽  
Arthur W Schaafsma
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Nontarget Effects ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticide ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Plant Stand

Abstract A 4-yr study was conducted comparing the efficacy and value of fungicide-only (FST), neonicotinoid insecticide + fungicide (NST), and diamide insecticide + fungicide (DST) seed treatments for commercial corn Zea mays L. and soybean Glycines max (L.) Merr. production in Ontario, Canada. Plant stand, plant vigor, above- and below-ground insect injury, and yield were assessed on 160 field-scale experiments. Experiments also assessed early-season insect incidence and abundance using newly legislated thresholds for NST use in Ontario and in-season destructive sampling. Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae) were frequently observed at experimental sites; however, thresholds were rarely met and injury levels rarely led to yield loss. Of 129 and 31 corn and soybean sites, 8 and 6%, respectively, had a positive yield response to NST use. Across all sites, yield response of 0.1 and −0.05 Mg ha−1 was observed with NST use in corn and soybean, respectively; however, the costs associated with NST use were recovered at only 48 and 23% of corn and soybean sites, respectively, based on average grain prices and yields during the study. Infrequent incidence of economic injury and the absence of a consistent yield response to NST and DSTs throughout the 4 yr of the study indicate that widespread use of seed-applied insecticides in corn and soybean is unlikely to provide benefit to producers. These data highlight an opportunity for reducing input costs, environmental loading, and nontarget effects without adverse outcomes for Ontario producers.

Effect of Seed Treatment on Early Season Brown Spot Caused by Septoria glycines of Soybean

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean C. Batzer ◽  
Yuba R. Kandel ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
Martin I. Chilvers ◽  
Albert U. Tenuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Colony Diameter ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Mist Chamber

Early season brown spot caused by Septoria glycines was compared in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, and Ontario, Canada, soybean fields planted with differing commercial seed treatments. Seed treatments that included fluopyram significantly reduced brown spot (P < 0.001). A greenhouse mist chamber experiment revealed that fluopyram seed treatment reduced the Area Under Disease Progress Curve of brown spot over a 6-week period (P < 0.001). Brown spot severity was unaffected by plant age at inoculation for the control treatment without fluopyram (P = 0.911); however, severity increased with plant age at inoculation for the fluopyram treatment (P = 0.009). The sensitivity of two S. glycines isolates to fluopyram was assessed by determining the effective concentration required to reduce its colony diameter growth in culture by 50% (EC50). Both isolates had an EC50 of 0.41 μg/ml of fluopyram. These results demonstrate that fluopyram seed treatment is effecttive at controlling early season brown spot in soybean. Accepted for publication 19 September 2016.

Phytophthora sojae pathotype distribution and fungicide sensitivity in Michigan

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Glenn McCoy ◽  
Zachary Albert Noel ◽  
Janette L Jacobs ◽  
Kayla M Clouse ◽  
Martin I Chilvers
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Fungicide Sensitivity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Rps Gene ◽  
Major Resistance Genes ◽  
Pathogen Populations

Identifying the pathotype structure of a Phytophthora sojae population is crucial for the effective management of Phytophthora stem and root rot of soybean (PRR). P. sojae has been successfully managed with major resistance genes, partial resistance, and fungicide seed treatments. However, prolonged use of resistance genes or fungicides can cause pathogen populations to adapt over time, rendering resistance genes or fungicides ineffective. A statewide survey was conducted to characterize the current pathotype structure and fungicide sensitivity of P. sojae within Michigan. Soil samples were collected from 69 fields with a history of PRR and fields having consistent plant stand establishment issues. Eighty-three isolates of P. sojae were obtained, and hypocotyl inoculations were performed on 14 differential soybean cultivars, all of which carry a single Rps gene or no resistance gene. The survey identified a loss of effectiveness of Rps genes 1b, 1k, 3b and 6, compared to a previous survey conducted in Michigan from 1993-1997. Three effective resistance genes were identified for P. sojae management in Michigan; Rps 3a, 3c, and 4. Additionally, the effective concentration of common seed treatment fungicides to inhibit mycelial growth by 50% (EC50) was determined. No P. sojae isolates were insensitive to the tested chemistries with mean EC50 values of 2.60x10-2 µg/ml for ethaboxam, 3.03x10-2 µg/ml for mefenoxam, 2.88x10-4 µg/ml for oxathiapiprolin, and 5.08x10-2 µg/ml for pyraclostrobin. Results suggest that while there has been a significant shift in Rps gene effectiveness, seed treatments are still effective for early season management of this disease.

scholarly journals Revisiting Sustainability of Fungicide Seed Treatments for Field Crops

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 610-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Ram Lamichhane ◽  
Ming Pei You ◽  
Véronique Laudinot ◽  
Martin J. Barbetti ◽  
Jean-Noël Aubertot
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Nontarget Effects ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Negative Impacts

The use of fungicide seed treatment (FST) is a very common practice worldwide. The purported effectiveness of many fungicides in providing broad-spectrum and systemic control of important diseases and the perception that FST reduces overall pesticide use, hence lowering environmental impacts, have greatly promoted the use of FST in the last five decades. Since there have been rapid advancements in the types, formulations, and application methods for seed treatments, there is a need to re-evaluate the benefits versus the risks of FST as a practice. While the use of seeds treated with neonicotinoid insecticides has come under scrutiny due to concern over potential nontarget effects, there are knowledge gaps on potential negative impacts of FST on operators’ (those who apply, handle, and use treated seeds) health and nontarget soil organisms (both macro- and microorganisms). Here we review existing knowledge on key fungicides used for seed treatments, benefits and risks related to FST, and propose recommendations to increase benefits and limit risks related to the use of FST. We found FST is applied to almost 100% of sown seeds for the most important arable crops worldwide. Fungicides belonging to 10 chemical families and with one or several types of mobility (contact, locally systemic, and xylem mobile) are used for seed treatment, although the majority are xylem mobile. Seed treatments are applied by the seed distributor, the seed company, and the farmer, although the proportion of seed lots treated by these three groups vary from one crop to another. The average quantity of fungicide active ingredient (a.i.) applied via seed treatment depends on the crop species, environment(s) into which seed is planted, and regional or local regulations. Cost-effectiveness, protection of the seed and seedlings from pathogens up to 4–5 weeks from sowing, user friendliness, and lower impact on human health and nontarget soil organisms compared with foliar spray and broadcast application techniques, are among the most claimed benefits attributed to FST. In contrast, inconsistent economic benefits, development of resistance by soilborne pathogens to many fungicides, exposure risks to operators, and negative impacts on nontarget soil organisms are the key identified risks related to FST. We propose eight recommendations to reduce risks related to FST and to increase their benefits.

Value of Neonicotinoid Insecticide Seed Treatments in Mid-South Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum [Malvales: Malvaceae]) Production Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
J H North ◽  
J Gore ◽  
A L Catchot ◽  
S D Stewart ◽  
G M Lorenz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticide

scholarly journals Efficacy of Fungicide Seed Treatments in Controlling Blackleg of Canola

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164
Author(s):  
Sudha GC Upadhaya ◽  
Venkataramana Chapara ◽  
Mukhlesur Rahman ◽  
Luis E. del Río Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Leptosphaeria Maculans ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Blackleg Disease ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Spring Canola ◽  
Plant Stand

The efficacy of five fungicide seed treatments as a management tool against blackleg on spring canola was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions in North Dakota. Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, inflicts the greatest yield losses when infecting seedlings before they reach the six-leaf growth stage. In greenhouse studies, 10-day-old seedlings were inoculated with L. maculans spore suspensions and evaluated 12 days later and at maturity or inoculated 12, 20, or 28 days after planting and evaluated at maturity. In field trials conducted in 2017 and 2018, severity was assessed at maturity. In the greenhouse, all fungicide seed treatments reduced (P = 0.05) disease severity at the seedling stage, but only the protection provided by Obvius (fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin + metalaxyl) and Helix Vibrance (mefenoxam + fludioxonil + sedaxane + difenoconazole + thiamethoxam) reduced (P < 0.05) severity at the adult stage; however, none of them provide effective protection when plants were inoculated 20 days after planting or later. In field trials, none of the treatments significantly (P > 0.05) improved plant stand and yield or reduced disease incidence and severity. Although fungicide seed treatment is a valuable tool, it should not be used as the only method to manage blackleg disease.

Effect of Resistance and Ethaboxam Seed Treatment on the Management of Phytophthora Root Rot in Illinois and Iowa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Cerritos-Garcia ◽  
Juan P. Granda ◽  
Rashelle Matthiessen ◽  
Brian W. Diers ◽  
Alison E. Robertson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Seed Selection ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Rps Gene ◽  
Different Levels

Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRR) is a limiting factor for soybean production. Seed treatments are used for early-season management, but efficacy can depend on seed selection and the local environment. Ethaboxam is a new fungicide commercially available as a seed treatment to control oomycetes. Field experiments were established in Illinois and Iowa in 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the effect of ethaboxam + metalaxyl on PRR. Experiments included soybean lines with no resistance gene, Rps1c or Rps1k, and different levels of partial resistance. Seed treatments increased soybean stands in all locations and years. Significant yield effects were observed only in two locations that were inoculated with Phytophthora spp. Groups of soybean lines with the same Rps gene responded differently in each location, showing how Rps gene usefulness depends on the field. A comparison of the effect of seed treatment on lines with different levels of partial resistance showed that partial resistance alone cannot always protect against stand losses. Soybean lines with high levels of partial resistance had consistently higher yields than those with low levels of partial resistance across Illinois locations. These results show that ethaboxam seed treatment can protect early-season stands and that selection of cultivars with high levels of partial resistance is important for PRR management.

Root-knot Control and Yield Response of Corn with Seed Treatment and Granular Nematicides

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin K. Hagan ◽  
H. Brad Miller ◽  
Jason Burkett ◽  
Katherine Burch
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Bacillus Firmus ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Study Sites

In Coastal Plain soils of the southeastern United States, the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita race 3 causes significant yield loss in corn. Impact of abamectin + thiamethoxam and clothianidin + Bacillus firmus I-1582 nematicide seed treatments along with terbufos granular nematicide on RKN reproduction, plant populations, plant growth, and yield was assessed at two Alabama sites. Thiamethoxam and clothianidin insecticide seed treatments were included as controls. A factorial arranged as split-split plot with year as the main plot, seed treatment as the split plot, and granular nematicide as the split-split-plot treatment was used. Lower plant populations were noted for terbufos-treated corn at one study site. Reduced RKN reproduction was observed with terbufos granular nematicide at both study sites. Fresh seedling weights and yields were usually higher for the terbufos- than non-terbufos-treated corn. At both sites, both nematicide seed treatments and their insecticide seed treatment counterparts had similar plant populations, RKN reproduction rate, and fresh seedling weights. Yield differences were noted at both locations between abamectin + thiamethoxam and thiamethoxam but not clothianidin + Bacillus firmus I-1582 and clothianidin. With mean yield gains up to 13.5%, terbufos was superior to both of the nematicide seed treatments for managing RKN and protecting corn yields. Accepted for publication 19 October 2015. Published 1 November 2015.

Influence of sulfentrazone and metribuzin applied preemergence on soybean development and yield

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Nikola Arsenijevic ◽  
Matheus de Avellar ◽  
Liberty Butts ◽  
Nicholas John Arneson ◽  
Rodrigo Werle
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Agronomic Management ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The use of photosystem II (PSII)-inhibitor and/or protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibitor PRE herbicides in soybean may, under adverse environmental conditions, result in early season crop injury. A field study was conducted near Brule and North Platte, Nebraska, during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons with the objective to evaluate the impact of PRE herbicides metribuzin (PSII-inhibitor) and sulfentrazone (PPO-inhibitor) on early season soybean development, final plant stand, and yield using 22 soybean varieties adapted to southwestern Nebraska. Herbicide treatments consisted of metribuzin (560 g ai ha−1) and sulfentrazone (280 g ai ha−1) applied within 3 d after planting and a nontreated control (NTC). Sulfentrazone reduced green canopy vegetation at the V2 growth stage by 22% and final plant stand at physiological maturity by 10% compared with the NTC. The number of pods per plant was 16% higher for sulfentrazone and the number of seeds per plant was 15% and 4% higher for sulfentrazone and metribuzin compared with the NTC, respectively. Sulfentrazone and metribuzin resulted in a slightly higher yield (3%) compared with the NTC, thus no yield reduction from PRE herbicides was observed in this study. These results support other findings that sulfentrazone and metribuzin have potential to cause early-season crop injury; however, when applied according to their label recommendations and following regional agronomic management practices, this impact may not translate into soybean yield reduction while such herbicides provide effective soil residual weed control.

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