Dose-Dependent Retention of Omega-3 Fatty Acids by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 1221-1226
Author(s):  
Patrick Erbland ◽  
Andrei Alyokhin ◽  
L Brian Perkins ◽  
Michael Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens (L.), are used to convert organic waste streams into insect-based animal feeds. We tested their ability to retain alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from feeding substrates, which has important implications for their use in aquaculture. When supplementing a chicken feed diet with increasing concentrations of salmon oil (0–42%) over an increasing number of days (0–8), the concentrations of the three omega-3 acids in larvae increased significantly. Larval survival and biomass accumulation were not affected. Supplementing a chicken feed diet with increasing concentrations (0–14%) of Tetraselmis chui Butcher (Chlorodendrales: Chlorodendraceae) microalgae paste also significantly increased ALA and EPA contents of the harvested larvae. However, microalgae also decreased survival, harvested biomass, and individual growth of larvae feeding on the diet with the highest supplement concentration (14%). DHA was not detected in any microalgae diet or subsequent larval tissue samples. All three omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids tested in this study were accumulated in dose-dependent manner, with quadratic, and occasionally linear, equations providing the best description of the observed relationships. There were significant negative correlations between several fatty acids, indicating that they may replace one another in living larvae. Our findings confirm that black soldier fly larvae can retain ingested fatty acids and change fatty acid profiles in their tissues accordingly. However, optimizing nutrient content of harvestable larvae is likely to be more complicated than simply enriching their diets with omega-3 fatty acids.

scholarly journals Perilla frutescens: a potential ingredient for the enhancement of white bread as a source of Omega-3

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 399
Author(s):  
Marcos Vieira da Silva ◽  
Andréia Vieira da Silva ◽  
Elton Guntendorfer Bonafé ◽  
Nilson Evelázio de Souza ◽  
Jesuí Vergílio Visentainer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Perilla Frutescens ◽  
White Bread ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Sensorial Attributes

Perilla frutescens seeds are rich in Omega-3 fatty acids which are important for human health. Intake of fatty acids depends on their presence in popular foods such as white bread. Current study evaluates the replacement of wheat flour by whole perilla at 1, 3 and 5% in white bread processing and its impacts on chemical and sensorial attributes, underscoring Omega-3 amounts. The use of whole perilla increases the Omega-3 content in white bread, balances the ratio n-6/n-3, decreases the specific volume, and maintains the concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The formulation with 1% whole perilla has a better acceptability and supplies 5.63 and 8.19% of the American recommended daily intake of alpha-linolenic acid for adult males and females, respectively. 

scholarly journals The effect of Rhodococcus rhodochrous supplementation on black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) development, nutrition, and waste conversion

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
K. Franks ◽  
E. Kooienga ◽  
M. Sanders ◽  
K. Pendarvis ◽  
F. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Rhodococcus Rhodochrous ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Waste Conversion

Black soldier fly larvae are mass produced globally for use as livestock, poultry, and aquaculture feed. Efforts are continuously seeking processes optimising larval rate of growth, size, and waste conversion as a means to lower cost and increase output. Manipulating microbes in the larval substrate (i.e. fermentation or supplementation) has been demonstrated as a potential solution. However, identifying appropriate microbes for use in this process has been limited. The objective of this study was to determine whether supplementing black soldier fly larvae with the oleaginous microbe Rhodococcus rhodochrous would result in accelerated larval development, increased final larval body size, and increased conversion efficiency. Larvae fed a sterile, or non-sterile, diet treated with R. rhodochrous grew 3× faster than the control by the third day and were approximately 2× larger than the control by the conclusion of the experiment. Conversion rate was 2× greater for the treatments indicating less feed would be needed to achieve maximum weight gain. Protein composition of resulting larvae fed diet supplemented with R. rhodochrous, was significantly different than the control not receiving the microbial infusion. Larvae provided the microbe had 4.20 and 2.79% greater fatty acid composition and short-chained fatty acids, respectively, but lower monounsaturated fatty acids (1.60%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (2.4%). Furthermore, larvae provided R. rhodochrous produced significantly more proteins related to energy production and storage, as well as muscle development and contraction, while those sans microbe, produced proteins related to stress responses (e.g. heat shock proteins). While, this study yielded positive results for the inclusion of R. rhodochrous as part of the black soldier fly larval diet, additional research is needed to optimise the dose at an industrial scale.

RAISED OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID LEVELS IN PIGS FED FLAX

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN C. CUNNANE ◽  
SUJATA GANGULI ◽  
JULIA K. ARMSTRONG ◽  
PAUL A. STITT
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Young growing pigs fed a creep feed containing 5% flax for 8 wk had significantly higher amounts of omega-3 fatty acids in liver, kidney, heart, skin, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and muscle than pigs fed the same diet containing no flax. Increased amounts of desaturation-elongation products of alpha-linolenic acid were observed in liver, heart, kidney and brain. Key words: Flax, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid

scholarly journals Blood n-3 fatty acid levels and total and cause-specific mortality from 17 prospective studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Harris ◽  
◽  
Nathan L. Tintle ◽  
Fumiaki Imamura ◽  
Frank Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid

AbstractThe health effects of omega-3 fatty acids have been controversial. Here we report the results of a de novo pooled analysis conducted with data from 17 prospective cohort studies examining the associations between blood omega-3 fatty acid levels and risk for all-cause mortality. Over a median of 16 years of follow-up, 15,720 deaths occurred among 42,466 individuals. We found that, after multivariable adjustment for relevant risk factors, risk for death from all causes was significantly lower (by 15–18%, at least p < 0.003) in the highest vs the lowest quintile for circulating long chain (20–22 carbon) omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids). Similar relationships were seen for death from cardiovascular disease, cancer and other causes. No associations were seen with the 18-carbon omega-3, alpha-linolenic acid. These findings suggest that higher circulating levels of marine n-3 PUFA are associated with a lower risk of premature death.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation, Diet, Inflammation, and the Risk for COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Artemis P. Simopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Omega 6

COVID-19, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, is characterized by various symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to life-threatening pneumonia, “cytokine storm,” and multiorgan failure. The manifestation of COVID-19 may lead to a cytokine storm, i.e., it facilitates viral replication that triggers a strong release of cytokines, which then modulates the immune system and results in hyperinflammation. Today’s diet is high in omega-6 fatty acids and deficient in omega-3 fatty acids; this, along with a high fructose intake, leads to obesity, which is a chronic state of low-grade inflammation. Omega-6 fatty acids are proinflammatory and prothrombotic whereas omega-3 fatty acids are less proinflammatory and thrombotic. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids make specialized lipid mediators, namely resolvins, protectins, and maresins, that are potent anti-inflammatory agents. Throughout evolution there was a balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids with a ratio of 1–2/1 omega-6/omega-3, but today this ratio is 16–20/1 omega-6/omega-3, leading to a proinflammatory state. In addition, genetic variants in FADS1, FADS2, ELOV-2, and ELOV-5 lead to a more efficient biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), e.g., of linoleic acid (LA) to arachidonic acid (ARA), and (alpha-linolenic acid) (ALA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), leading to higher ARA levels. Because the US diet is already high in omega-6 fatty acids, the increased biosynthesis of ARA in people with the derived FADS haplotype (haplotype D) leads to an increased production of leukotrienes, thromboxanes, C-reactive protein (CRP), and eventually elevated levels of cytokines, like interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which may increase susceptibility to COVID-19. About 80% of African Americans, 50% of Hispanics, and 45% of European Americans have the FADS haplotype D and are thus efficient metabolizers, which could account for the higher vulnerability of these populations to COVID-19. Therefore, another reason that African Americans and Hispanics are more susceptible to COVID-19 is that they have a higher frequency of haplotype D, which is no longer beneficial in today’s environment and diet. Genetic variation must be considered in all studies of disease development and therapy because it is important to the practice of precision nutrition by physicians and other health professionals. The objective of this commentary is to emphasize the importance of genetic variation within populations and its interaction with diet in the development of disease. Differences in the frequency of genes and their interactions with nutrients in various population groups must be considered among the factors contributing to health disparities in the development of COVID-19. A balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is essential to health. Physicians should measure their patients’ fatty acids and recommend decreasing the intake of foods rich in omega-6 fatty acids and increasing the intake of omega-3 fatty acids along with fruits and vegetables.

scholarly journals An Attempt to Enrich Pig Meat with Omega-3 Fatty Acids Using Linseed Oil Ethyl Ester Diet Supplement

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Czyż ◽  
Ewa Sokoła-Wysoczańska ◽  
Anna Wyrostek ◽  
Paulina Cholewińska
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Diet Supplement

This study aims to evaluate an effect of pig diet supplementation with ethyl esters derived from linseed oil with a high content of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) on the fatty acids profile of meat. The study was conducted on Polish Landrace fatteners supplemented for a period of 7 weeks (control and experimental groups of 8 animals each, 16 in total). After this period, loin (Longissimus dorsi) and ham (Biceps femoris) samples were collected for laboratory analysis, including basic composition (fat, protein, ash, dry matter) and fatty acids (FAs) profile. The supplementation caused a significant increase in the level of ALA acid, decrease in the content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), increase in unsaturated FAs level, and resulting decrease in the ratio of n-6/n-3. The indices of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity were beneficially altered in the experimental groups. It can thus be supposed that meat enriched this way may be considered as an interesting choice for consumers who are aware of the importance of diet consumed.

Enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids in black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) fortified with squid liver oil

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
G. Tirtawijaya ◽  
J.-S. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) are known as an alternative feed for livestock, but their lack of polyunsaturated fatty acids (such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) makes it less valuable. To overcome these problems, BSFL substrate (chicken feed) was fortified with squid liver oil (SLO) at five different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20%). The growth rate, feed conversion, and nutritional content of BSFL were evaluated at day 15 of rearing. Of the five concentrations, SLO 5% showed the highest growth increase (25.82-fold) among the other treatments (20.63-22.98-fold; P<0.05). The fortification of SLO 5% did not result in differences in survival and feed conversion of larvae compared to larvae fed the control substrate. By rearing BSFL in a substrate containing SLO 5%, the lipid content of the larvae was 32% higher than that of larvae fed the control substrate (P<0.05). The accumulation of lipids was faster in the substrate containing SLO 5% (33.20% for 8 days) than in the control substrate (24.36% for 15 days). The control group of BSFL contained no DHA or EPA, but after rearing on the SLO 5% fortified substrate, the larvae contained DHA at an average level of 2.99 g/100 g lipid and EPA was 2.68 g/100 g lipid. Harvested larvae from SLO 5% treatment was within safe levels of Pb, Cd, As, and Hg (840, 370, 860, and 26.7 μg/kg, respectively), under the EU threshold for animal feed. Based on our results, it concluded that BSFL enriched with PUFAs, DHA and EPA can be considered as important nutritional components of animal feed without excessive heavy metals accumulation by feeding SLO in an appropriate amount.

scholarly journals Enriched Marine Oil Supplements Increase Peripheral Blood Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators Concentrations and Reprogram Host Immune Responses

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia R. Souza ◽  
Raquel M. Marques ◽  
Esteban A. Gomez ◽  
Romain A. Colas ◽  
Roberta De Matteis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Marine Oil ◽  
Protective Actions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent

Rationale: Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM—lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins) are produced via the enzymatic conversion of essential fatty acids, including the omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid. These mediators exert potent leukocyte directed actions and control vascular inflammation. Supplementation of animals and humans with essential fatty acids, in particular omega-3 fatty acids, exerts protective actions reducing vascular and systemic inflammation. Of note, the mechanism(s) activated by these supplements in exerting their protective actions remain poorly understood. Objective: Given that essential fatty acids are precursors in the biosynthesises of SPM, the aim of the present study was to establish the relationship between supplementation and peripheral SPM concentrations. We also investigated the relationship between changes in plasma SPM concentrations and peripheral blood platelet and leukocyte responses. Methods and Results: Healthy volunteers were enrolled in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study, and peripheral blood was collected at baseline, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours post administration of placebo or one of 3 doses of an enriched marine oil supplement. Assessment of plasma SPM concentrations using lipid mediator profiling demonstrated a time- and dose-dependent increase in peripheral blood SPM concentration. Supplementation also led to a regulation of peripheral blood cell responses. Here we found a dose-dependent increase in neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis of bacteria and a decrease in the diurnal activation of leukocytes and platelets, as measured by a reduction in adhesion molecule expression. In addition, transcriptomic analysis of peripheral blood cells demonstrated a marked change in transcript levels of immune and metabolic genes 24 hours post supplementation when compared with placebo. Conclusions: Together, these findings demonstrate that supplementation with an enriched marine oil leads to an increase in peripheral blood SPM concentrations and reprograms peripheral blood cells, indicating a role for SPM in mediating the immune-directed actions of this supplement. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT03347006.

scholarly journals Evaluation of omega-3 fatty acids content and antioxidant activity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina de Aguiar ◽  
Marcela Boroski ◽  
Elton Gutendorfer Bonafé ◽  
Vanessa Vivian de Almeida ◽  
Nilson Evelázio de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Wheat Leaves

The objective of this study was to quantify alpha-linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3) of dried wheat leaves, harvested at different development stages (20, 40 and 80 days), to determine the antioxidant potential and the total phenolic compounds of leaves harvested at 80 days, as well as to perform mineral analysis (Na, K, Fe, Ca, Mg, P, Zn, Cu and Mn). It was observed a predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared to saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the lipid fraction of leaves. Leaves collected in all periods presented ratios of PUFA/SFA, omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids (n-6/n-3) considered suitable for food. The highest content of LNA was found in leaves harvested at 60 days, corresponding to 2.146,72 mg 100 g-1 dried matter. The range time between 60 and 80 days showed a decline of nearly 30% in the concentration of LNA. The acetate fraction was the most effective over DPPH radical assay, showing IC50 value of 154 µg mL-1, and the phenolic compounds content was 615.4 ± 36.4 mg EAG L-1, both analyses carried out in leaves harvested at 80 days. In this development stage, wheat leaves showed significant levels of the minerals P, Zn, Cu and Mn. These results reinforce the potential of using wheat leaves in foods, according to its antioxidant content and significant levels of LNA.

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