From farm to fork: identical clones and Tn6674-like elements in linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis from food-producing animals and retail meat

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houyem Elghaieb ◽  
Ana P Tedim ◽  
Mohamed S Abbassi ◽  
Carla Novais ◽  
Bárbara Duarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Filter Mating ◽  
Retail Meat ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Retail Chicken Meat

Abstract Objectives Increasing numbers of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus carrying optrA are being reported across different niches worldwide. We aimed to characterize the first optrA-carrying Enterococcus faecalis obtained from food-producing animals and retail meat samples in Tunisia. Methods Seven optrA-carrying E. faecalis obtained from chicken faeces (n=3, August 2017) and retail chicken meat (n=4, August 2017) in Tunisia were analysed. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion, broth microdilution and Etest against 13 antibiotics, linezolid and tedizolid, respectively (EUCAST/CLSI). optrA stability (∼600 bacterial generations), transfer (filter mating) and location (S1-PFGE/hybridization) were characterized. WGS (Illumina-HiSeq) was done for four representatives that were analysed through in silico and genomic mapping tools. Results Four MDR clones carrying different virulence genes were identified in chicken faeces (ST476) and retail meat (the same ST476 clone plus ST21 and ST859) samples. MICs of linezolid and tedizolid were stably maintained at 8 and 1–2 mg/L, respectively. optrA was located in the same transferable chromosomal Tn6674-like element in ST476 and ST21 clones, similar to isolates from pigs in Malaysia and humans in China. ST859 carried a non-conjugative plasmid of ∼40 kb with an impB-fexA-optrA segment, similar to plasmids from pigs and humans in China. Conclusions The same chromosomal and transferable Tn6674-like element was identified in different E. faecalis clones from humans and animals. The finding of retail meat contaminated with the same linezolid-resistant E. faecalis strain obtained from a food-producing animal highlights the potential role of the food chain in the worrisome dissemination of optrA that can be stably maintained without selective pressure over generations.

scholarly journals Phenotypes, antibacterial-resistant profile, and virulence-associated genes of Salmonella serovars isolated from retail chicken meat in Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-445
Author(s):  
Amal Awad ◽  
Mayada Gwida ◽  
Eman Khalifa ◽  
Asmaa Sadat
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Salmonella Serovars ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Retail Chicken Meat

Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in chicken meat samples, and to explore the susceptibility of the strains to antimicrobials, as well as their virulence-associated genes. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred retail chicken meat samples from different shops, as well as 25 stool specimens from retail shop workers, were included in the study. The collected samples were examined bacteriologically for the presence of salmonellae. Salmonella isolates were serotyped using a slide agglutination test for O and H antigens and were screened for the presence of five virulence genes (stn, pef, invA, sopB, and avrA) using a uniplex polymerase chain reaction assay and for their susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. Results: Thirty-one Salmonella isolates belonging to 12 different serovars were identified. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky were the dominant serovars (22.6% each). Salmonella isolates displayed a high antibiotic resistance against erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, doxycycline, cephalexin, cefaclor, tetracycline, polymyxin B, cefuroxime, vancomycin, and streptomycin. All Salmonella isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) and demonstrated different virulence genes. The majority of Salmonella serovars (87.1%) harbored sopB gene, 54.8% carried avrA and pef genes, while all isolates carried invA and stn genes. Conclusion: The presence of virulent MDR Salmonellae in raw chicken meat could allow the possibility of transmission of these resistant serovars to humans. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be followed on the whole poultry production chain to decrease the potential transmission of Salmonella infection from poultry meat to humans.

scholarly journals Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characterization of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolated from retail raw meat in Poland

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Wieczorek ◽  
R. Szewczyk ◽  
J. Osek
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Coli Strain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Retail Meat ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

The study was conducted to investigate the presence of Campylobacter spp. in meat sold to consumers at a retail market in Poland. Antimicrobial resistance and the presence of putative virulence genes of the isolates were also examined. A total of 558 meat samples, including beef (n = 105), pork (n = 85), and poultry (n = 368) were collected over an almost three year study period. It was found that 321 samples, all of them originating from poultry, were contaminated with Campylobacter spp. Most of the obtained isolates were classified as C. coli (189 strains, 58.9%), whereas C. jejuni was identified in 132 (41.1%) samples. All Campylobacter strains were susceptible to gentamicin and all but one C. coli isolate to erythromycin. On the other hand, the highest level of resistance among Campylobacter tested was to ciprofloxacin (91% for C. jejuni and 86.1% for C. coli) and nalidixic acid (89.3% for C. jejuni and 85% for C. coli). Furthermore, resistance to two or more classes of antibiotics was found in the majority (60.9%) of Campylobacter spp. and among them one C. coli strain showed resistance to four different classes of antimicrobials. Identification of virulence genes in the isolated Campylobacter showed that all of them had the flaA and cadF genes. The iam marker was found more often in C. coli strains (88.8%) compared to C. jejuni isolates (53.8%). On the other hand, the virB11 gene was identified only in 4.2% of C. coli and in 6.1% of C. jejuni strains, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of the cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC genes among C. jejuni strains was 97.7%, 93.2%, 96.2%, respectively, and was significantly higher than for C. coli regarding the cdtC (66.7%) gene. The obtained results showed that the presence of Campylobacter in retail meat may represent a threat to public health.  

scholarly journals Role of a qnr-Like Gene in the Intrinsic Resistance of Enterococcus faecalis to Fluoroquinolones

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 3254-3258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Arsène ◽  
Roland Leclercq
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Dna Gyrase ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Multicopy Plasmid ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Repeat Protein ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACT Fluoroquinolones are poorly active against enterococci. Recently, plasmid-borne resistance to fluoroquinolones due to the qnr gene was reported in members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. The gene encodes a pentapeptide repeat protein that protects DNA gyrase from inhibition by fluoroquinolones. We have identified in the genome of Enterococcus faecalis V583 a qnr-like gene, named E. faecalis qnr (qnr E. faecalis ), encoding a putative pentapeptide repeat protein that shares 25% identity with Qnr. To assess its potential role in the intrinsic resistance of E. faecalis to fluoroquinolones, qnr E. faecalis was inactivated in E. faecalis JH2-2 by insertion of the thermosensitive vector pG1KT. This strain was then complemented with qnr E. faecalis cloned in the multicopy plasmid pORI23. The effects of its overexpression were also studied. Inactivation of the qnr E. faecalis gene resulted in twofold decreases in the MICs of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. When the gene was complemented or overexpressed, MICs of fluoroquinolones increased four- to nine-fold, leading to MICs of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin equal to 32 μg/ml and 8 μg/ml, respectively. The E. faecalis Qnr (Qnr E. faecalis ) protein was produced and purified. Qnr E. faecalis protein protected Escherichia coli DNA gyrase from inhibition by ofloxacin. The qnr E. faecalis gene was then introduced into E. coli DH10B, Staphylococcus aureus RN4220, and Lactococcus lactis IL-1419 to study its heterologous expression. MICs of the various fluoroquinolones tested increased 4- to 16-fold, showing that Qnr E. faecalis conferred resistance to fluoroquinolones in various bacterial backgrounds. Overexpression of qnr E. faecalis in enterococci or mobilization of the gene to other bacterial species may be anticipated as a possible new mechanism for fluoroquinolone resistance.

Characteristics of High-Level Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from Retail Chicken Meat in Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 1357-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
YEONG BIN KIM ◽  
HYUN JOO SEO ◽  
KWANG WON SEO ◽  
HYE YOUNG JEON ◽  
DONG KYU KIM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Enterococcal Infection ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
High Level ◽  
Retail Chicken Meat

ABSTRACTGenes encoding ciprofloxacin resistance in enterococci in animals may be transferred to bacteria in the animal gut and to zoonotic bacteria where they could pose a human health hazard. The objective of this study was to characterize antimicrobial resistance in high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant (HLCR) Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from retail chicken meat. A total of 345 enterococci (335 E. faecalis and 10 E. faecium) were isolated from 200 chicken meat samples. Of these, 85 E. faecalis isolates and 1 E. faecium isolate were confirmed as HLCR enterococci. All 86 HLCR enterococci displayed gyrA-parC point mutations consisting of S83I-S80I (94.2%, 81 isolates), S83F-S80I (2.3%, 2 isolates), S83Y-S80I (2.3%, 2 isolates), and S83Y-S80F (1.2%, 1 isolate). Sixty-one (72.9%) of the 86 HLCR enterococci showed multidrug resistance to three to six classes of antimicrobial agents. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that E. faecalis had 17 different sequence types (ST) and E. faecium had 1 different ST, with ST256 observed most often (44 isolates, 51.8%). Although these results cannot exclude the possibility that pathotypes of enterococci isolated from chicken might represent transmission to or from humans, the foodborne HLCR E. faecalis indicated that the food chain is a potential route of enterococcal infection in humans.

scholarly journals Conjugative Plasmid-Mediated Extended Spectrum Cephalosporin Resistance in Genetically Diverse Escherichia coli from a Chicken Slaughterhouse

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2491
Author(s):  
Bai Wei ◽  
Ke Shang ◽  
Se-Yeoun Cha ◽  
Jun-Feng Zhang ◽  
Hyung-Kwan Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cephalosporin Resistance ◽  
Retail Meat ◽  
Retail Chicken Meat

ESC-resistant E. coli isolates were collected from broiler chickens, a slaughterhouse, and retail meat to assess their dispersion and their involvement in cross-contamination. ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli were isolated during the slaughter process of all six investigated chicken flocks from scalding, feather removal, first conveyor, evisceration, second washing, third conveyor, and third washing areas, and from handling workers in the slaughterhouse. ESC-resistant E. coli isolates with the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type were found in the same site (scalding) on different sampling days. ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates were absent in the lairage area in the slaughterhouse, but present in the retail markets in 36.8% (7/19) of the chicken flocks. The blaCTX-M genes and blaCMY-2 were conjugated to recipient E. coli J53 in 67.5% (27/40) and 56.1% (23/41) of ESBL-producing and AmpC-producing E. coli isolates, respectively. The presence of the same conjugative plasmids was found in genetic diversity ESC-resistant E. coli colonies collected on different sampling days. Our study emphasizes that cross-contamination of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli in slaughterhouse has a crucial impact on the occurrence of ESC resistance in retail chicken meat.

scholarly journals Virulence of Enterococcus faecalis dairy strains in an insect model: the role of fsrB and gelE

Microbiology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 155 (11) ◽  
pp. 3564-3571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Gaspar ◽  
Neuza Teixeira ◽  
Lionel Rigottier-Gois ◽  
Paulo Marujo ◽  
Christina Nielsen-LeRoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Deletion Mutants ◽  
Enterococcus Durans ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Negative Phenotype

Despite the existence of various virulence factors in the Enterococcus genus, enterococcal virulence is still a debated issue. A main consideration is the detection of the same virulence genes in strains isolated from nosocomial or community-acquired infections, and from food products. The goal of this study was to evaluate the roles of two well-characterized enterococcal virulence factors, Fsr and gelatinase, in the potential virulence of Enterococcus faecalis food strains. Virulence of unrelated Enterococcus isolates, including dairy strains carrying fsr and gelE operons, was compared in the Galleria mellonella insect model. E. faecalis dairy strains were able to kill larvae and were as virulent as strain OG1RF, one of the most widely used for virulence studies. In contrast, Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus faecium strains were avirulent or poorly virulent for G. mellonella. To evaluate the role of fsrB and gelE in virulence of E. faecalis dairy strains, both genes were deleted independently in two strains. The ΔfsrB and ΔgelE deletion mutants both produced a gelatinase-negative phenotype. Although both mutations significantly attenuated virulence in G. mellonella, the ΔfsrB strains were more strongly attenuated. These results agree with previous findings suggesting the involvement of fsrB in the control of other cell functions relevant to virulence. Our work demonstrates that the presence of functional fsrB, and to a lesser extent gelE, in dairy enterococci should be considered with caution.

scholarly journals Detection of putative virulence genes in Aeromonas isolates from humans and animals

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1398-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanifi Körkoca ◽  
Yusuf Alan ◽  
Sedat Bozari ◽  
Mustafa Berktas ◽  
Yaşar Goz
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Potential Importance ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Pcr Screening ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Animal Isolates

Introduction: Aeromonas are food- and water-borne bacteria that are considered to be zoonotic human pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the presence of genes associated with virulence in human and animal Aeromonas isolates and the potential role of animal isolates with regards to human Aeromonas infections. Methodology: The presence of aerA, hlyA, alt, ast, laf, ascF-G, stx1 and stx2 putative virulence genes in 40 human and animal Aeromonas isolates (16 human and 24 animal isolates) were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA fragments of expected sizes were purified and sequenced. BLAST in the NCBI was used to verify any amplified products. Results: PCR screening showed that hlyA, alt, and laf genes were determined at ratios of 6.25%, 50%, and 6.25%, respectively, in human isolates. The ratios of hlyA, alt, ascF-G, laf, stx2, and stx1 genes in animal isolates were 58.3%, 20.83%, 33.3%, 20.83%, 8.33%, and 4.17%, respectively. Neither aerA nor ast genes were detected in any isolates. Any one of eight putative virulence genes was not detected in seven human and eight animal isolates in the study. Conclusions: The current study is the first to investigate the presence of the virulence gene in gull Aeromonas isolates. The manifestation of the presence of the virulence gene and gene combinations was considerable, especially in fish and gull isolates when compared with clinical human isolates. The current study demonstrates the potential importance of fish and gulls in terms of human Aeromonas infections.

POPDC proteins and cardiac function

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1393-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Brand
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Disease Genes ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
And Function

Abstract The Popeye domain-containing gene family encodes a novel class of cAMP effector proteins in striated muscle tissue. In this short review, we first introduce the protein family and discuss their structure and function with an emphasis on their role in cyclic AMP signalling. Another focus of this review is the recently discovered role of POPDC genes as striated muscle disease genes, which have been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and muscular dystrophy. The pathological phenotypes observed in patients will be compared with phenotypes present in null and knockin mutations in zebrafish and mouse. A number of protein–protein interaction partners have been discovered and the potential role of POPDC proteins to control the subcellular localization and function of these interacting proteins will be discussed. Finally, we outline several areas, where research is urgently needed.

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