Artificial Cultivation of the Chinese Cordyceps From Injected Ghost Moth Larvae

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1088-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guiqing Liu ◽  
Richou Han ◽  
Li Cao
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Sustainable Utilization ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Ophiocordyceps Sinensis ◽  
Hyphal Bodies ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
Developmental Dynamics ◽  
Artificial Cultivation

Abstract The Chinese cordyceps, regarded as the ‘Himalayan Viagra’, is highly valued for its medicinal benefits. The decline of its yield due to over-exploitation and increased market demand have stimulated efforts to artificially cultivate Chinese cordyceps for over half a century. However, successful cultivation of Chinese cordyceps through caterpillar infection by the fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) and the induction of the fruiting body from each mummified cadaver remains difficult for its complex life cycle. Herein, we report the developmental dynamics of hyphal bodies in hemolymph of injected Thitarodes xiaojinensis (Tu, Ma & Zhang) larvae and the success in artificial cultivation of sexual fruiting bodies from the mummified cadavers in the low-altitude area. We find that not only the numbers of hyphal bodies but also the conversion of hyphal bodies into hyphae played important roles in the mummification of the injected larvae. This cultivation will be beneficial for sustainable utilization of natural resources and provides the possibility for further research on the mechanism of the interaction between pathogenic fungus and host insect.

scholarly journals Infection of the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, by the Insect Pathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1910
Author(s):  
Zhijian Zhang ◽  
Changying Zheng ◽  
Nemat O. Keyhani ◽  
Yulin Gao ◽  
Junping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hyphal Bodies

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is an aggressive agricultural insect pest causing significant damage to a wide range of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental crops. Beauveria bassiana is a broad-host-range entomopathogenic fungus capable of infecting and killing F. occidentalis. Infection of thrips by B. bassiana strain BbYT12 using a concentration of 1 × 108 conidia/mL resulted in 81.48% mortality in adults in 6 d (LT50 = 90 ± 15.1 h). Scanning electron microscopy of the infection process revealed preferential adhesion and germination of fungal spores to inter-segmental folds or grooves on the insect body surface with penetrating germlings and extended hyphae visualized during the initial stages of infection (6–24 h). Histological analyses showed the appearance of in vivo hyphal bodies in sagittal sections and the fat body as early as 24 h post-infection. Within 72 h, hyphal bodies and hyphae could be found throughout the infected organism including in the midgut, Malphigian tubules, alimentary canal, ovarioles (in females), and an extended hyphal network could be seen on insect cadavers (>72 h post-infection). Real-time RT-PCR analyses of the expression of select genes implicated in virulence including the Pr1 protease, beauvericin synthase, involved in the production of the secondary metabolite beauvericin, two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases implicated in cuticular hydrocarbon degradation, two multidrug efflux proteins, a perilipin involved in lipid storage, and the Hog1 MAP kinase and protein kinase A signaling factors revealed discrete patterns of infection-time dependent expression. These data provide basic insights into the process of B. bassiana infection of F. occidentalis.

scholarly journals Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources: Systematic Evaluation on Different Production Modes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiwen Li ◽  
Yuning Chen ◽  
Yunfeng Lai ◽  
Qing Yang ◽  
Hao Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Sustainable Utilization ◽  
Market Demand

The usage amount of medicinal plant rapidly increased along with the development of traditional Chinese medicine industry. The higher market demand and the shortage of wild herbal resources enforce us to carry out large-scale introduction and cultivation. Herbal cultivation can ease current contradiction between medicinal resources supply and demand while they bring new problems such as pesticide residues and plant disease and pests. Researchers have recently placed high hopes on the application of natural fostering, a new method incorporated herbal production and diversity protecting practically, which can solve the problems brought by artificial cultivation. However no modes can solve all problems existing in current herbal production. This study evaluated different production modes including cultivation, natural fostering, and wild collection to guide the traditional Chinese medicine production for sustainable utilization of herbal resources.

scholarly journals V. On the demonstration by staining of the pathogenic fungus of malaria, its artificial cultivation, and the results of inoculation of the same

1891 ◽  
Vol 49 (296-301) ◽  
pp. 199-200
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Artificial Cultivation

The discovery of organisms constantly concomitant with manifestations of malaria was made by Laveran in 1880.

In Vitro Production of Hyphal Bodies of the Mite Pathogenic Fungus Neozygites floridana

Mycologia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis G. Leite ◽  
Lincoln Smith ◽  
Gilberto J. Moraes ◽  
Donald W. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Neozygites Floridana ◽  
Hyphal Bodies ◽  
Vitro Production

scholarly journals An Indigenous-led Community Challenge to Fisheries Management in New Zealand: the Revival of Regional Scale Management Practices?

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele L.H. Whyte ◽  
James J. Bell ◽  
Kristina M. Ramstad ◽  
Jonathan P. A. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Sustainable Utilization ◽  
Modern Management ◽  
Fisheries Resources ◽  
Sustainable Exploitation ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Exploitation

Marine, coastal and freshwater fisheries are culturally, ecologically, recreationally and economically important in New Zealand (NZ) and across the world. Over-exploitation of stocks has resulted in declining catches, particularly in the last 50 years, which has signalled the need for strategies to protect these valuable resources, while allowing sustainable exploitation (Pauly 1995; Jackson et. al. 2001; Myers and Worm 2003; Hutchings and Reynolds 2004; Hilborn 2006, 2007). This article outlines an ambitious and novel community-led approach to engage regional stakeholders in local fisheries management, initiated and led by Ng�ti Kahungunu (a M�ori iwi or tribal grouping) in NZ. This initiative is a significant move away from today?s highly centralised national form of fisheries management, and is a step towards a regional form of management that is led by the community for the benefit of the community (e.g., Govan et al. 2006). As such, this proposal represents a challenge to modern management practices, but more importantly it may represent the future for the sustainable utilization of fisheries resources.

In vitro production of hyphal bodies of the mite pathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana

Mycologia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis G. Leite ◽  
Lincoln Smith ◽  
Gilberto J. Moraes ◽  
Donald W. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Neozygites Floridana ◽  
Hyphal Bodies ◽  
Vitro Production

scholarly journals Interspecific Hybridization and Complete Mitochondrial Genome Analysis of Two Ghost Moth Species

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1046
Author(s):  
Hua Wu ◽  
Li Cao ◽  
Meiyu He ◽  
Richou Han ◽  
Patrick De Clercq
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Hybrid Population ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Artificial System ◽  
Ophiocordyceps Sinensis

The Chinese cordyceps, a parasitic Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungus–Thitarodes/Hepialus larva complex, is a valuable biological resource endemic to the Tibetan Plateau. Protection of the Plateau environment and huge market demand make it necessary to culture this complex in an artificial system. A method for the large-scale artificial rearing of the Thitarodes/Hepialus insect host has been established. However, the deterioration of the insect rearing population and low mummification of the infected larvae by the fungus constrain effective commercial cultivation. Hybridization of Thitarodes/Hepialus populations may be needed to overcome this problem. The species T. shambalaensis (GG♂ × GG♀) and an undescribed Thitarodes species (SD♂ × SD♀) were inbred or hybridized to evaluate the biological parameters, larval sensitivity to the fungal infection and mitochondrial genomes of the resulting populations. The two parental Thitarodes species exhibited significant differences in adult fresh weights and body lengths but not in pupal emergence rates. Hybridization of T. shambalaensis and Thitarodes sp. allowed producing a new generation. The SD♂ × GG♀ population showed a higher population trend index than the SD♂ × SD♀ population, implying increased population growth compared with the male parent. The sensitivity of the inbred larval populations to four fungal isolates of O. sinensis also differed. This provides possibilities to create Thitarodes/Hepialus populations with increased growth potential for the improved artificial production of the insect hosts. The mitochondrial genomes of GG♂ × GG♀, SD♂ × SD♀ and SD♂ × GG♀ were 15,612 bp, 15,389 bp and 15,496 bp in length, with an A + T content of 80.92%, 82.35% and 80.87%, respectively. The A + T-rich region contains 787 bp with two 114 bp repetitive sequences, 554 bp without repetitive sequences and 673 bp without repetitive sequences in GG♂ × GG♀, SD♂ × SD♀ and SD♂ × GG♀, respectively. The hybrid population (SD♂ × GG♀) was located in the same clade with GG♂ × GG♀, based on the phylogenetic tree constructed by 13 PCGs, implying the maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA.

scholarly journals Building an Integrative and Testable Hypothesis on How Edaphic Factors Ultimately Influence the Occurrence and Quality of Ophiocordyceps Sinensis, the Vegetable Caterpillar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi-Ling Deng ◽  
Kong Yang ◽  
Adrien Favre
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Testable Hypothesis ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Edaphic Factors ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ophiocordyceps Sinensis

Abstract BackgroundThe yield of commercially harvested “vegetable caterpillar” Ophiocordyceps sinensis has dramatically plummeted in the last few decades, while market demand has increased. Besides controlling the obvious overexploitation of this species, understanding how edaphic factors influence this system may improve the chances of successful cultivation and thus support the conservation of O. sinensis in the wild. Our study investigates how the presence/absence and the quality of O. sinensis may be linked to a series of edaphic factors pertinent to its microhabitat, including enzyme activity, nutrients, moisture, pH and nematode population. In order to provide a preliminary hypothesis on the relationships among edaphic factors and their influence on O. sinensis, we performed a principal component analysis and structural equation modelling despite limited replication. ResultsSoil samples containing O. sinensis were more moist and contained a higher concentration of nutrients and enzyme activity than control samples collected nearby, where the species was absent. Preliminary analyses indicated that enzyme activity may be crucial and appeared to be affected by a number of other soil factors. We found that O. sinensis would occupy microhabitats with a relatively higher soil fertility and a more persistent enzyme activity, where the values of total nitrogen and catalase are especially important. Otherwise, with the exception of organic matter and enzyme activity, mean values did not suggest any other factors potentially corresponding to a better quality of O. sinensis.ConclusionsBased on these preliminary findings and a further literature review, we formulated the first integrative hypothesis (network of interactions) on how soil factors may influence each other and O. sinensis. Finally, we indicate how this hypothesis may be tested in the future, in order to increase the chances for successful cultivation and thus promote the conservation and sustainable harvesting of O. sinensis.

scholarly journals Leaf Morphology Traits of Shorea spp in Ex-Situ KHDTK Haurbentes

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-215
Author(s):  
Henti Rosdayanti ◽  
Ulfah Juniarti Siregar ◽  
Iskandar Z. Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristic ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Variable Character ◽  
Over Exploitation

Shorea is a genus of the Dipterocarpaceae family which shows high economic and ecological values. Currently, market demand for wood is still met from natural forests that are degrading due to over exploitation. The degraded forests are included in the rehabilitation program that require significant number of planting stocks, mainly from seedlings or wildlings. Correct species identification of planting stocks, particularly wildlings, is an important first step in planting activities and it is relevant with Shorea spp planting stocks due to leaf morphology traits. This study was aimed to examine the traits of leaf morphology of four Shorea species for easy field identification. Samples were taken from five trees for each species. Morphological trait identification was conducted by leaf  observation and measurement. The results showed that all four species had the same apex shape. Six of the twelve morphological characteristic of the variable character can influence the morphological characteristics of the leaves, namely the roving leaf, leaf area, leaf length, aspect ratio, form factorand perimeter ratio of diameter. S. leprosula is similar to S. parvifolia, while S. ovalis is similar to S. guiso. Shorea leaf  character S. parvifolia differentiated from S. leprosula, while Shorea ovalis similar to Shorea guiso. The LP variable (length from the base of the leaf to the widest point of the leaf) is a variable that can be used as aleaf morphological characteristic of the four Shorea which are compared because each one has a different value. S. ovalis has the highest LP value, followed by S. guiso and S. leprosula, while S. parvifolia has the lowest LP value. Keywords: apex shape, identification, leaf morphology traits, Shorea

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