scholarly journals Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Can Complete Development and Reproduce Without Access to the Preferred Host, Ailanthus altissima

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1185-1190
Author(s):  
Osariyekemwen Uyi ◽  
Joseph A Keller ◽  
Anne Johnson ◽  
David Long ◽  
Brian Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Species Association ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Lycorma Delicatula ◽  
Marked Preference ◽  
Host Tree Species ◽  
Phloem Feeder ◽  
Salix Babylonica

Abstract Despite its broad host range, the spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (White), is known to have a marked preference for Ailanthus altissima. However, whether this polyphagous phloem feeder can complete its life cycle in the absence of A. altissima is unknown. We examined the performance of L. delicatula with and without access to A. altissima by tracking development, survival, host tree species association, and oviposition in large enclosures planted with Salix babylonica and Acer saccharinum along with either A. altissima or Betula nigra. We monitored enclosures from late May 2019 through June 2020. Lycorma delicatula survival was slightly higher in enclosures with A. altissima and 50% of individuals in A. altissima enclosures reached the adult stage ~6.5 d earlier than in enclosures without A. altissima. In the presence of A. altissima, nymphs were most frequently observed on this host while adults were found at similar frequencies on A. altissima and A. saccharinum. In the absence of A. altissima, nymphs were most frequently associated with S. babylonica and A. saccharinum, while adults were most often found on A. saccharinum. Females laid a total of 46 and 6 egg masses in enclosures with and without A. altissima, respectively, before freezing temperatures killed the remaining adults. The proportion of eggs that hatched per egg mass did not differ between treatments. Although L. delicatula can complete development and reproduce on other host species without access to A. altissima, fitness was reduced. These findings have implications for management that relies exclusively on treatment of A. altissima.

scholarly journals Performance and host association of spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) among common woody ornamentals

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osariyekemwen Uyi ◽  
Joseph A. Keller ◽  
Emelie Swackhamer ◽  
Kelli Hoover
Keyword(s):  
Egg Mass ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Insect Performance ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Tree Of Heaven ◽  
Range Tree ◽  
Lycorma Delicatula ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Salix Babylonica

AbstractLycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly) has a broad host range with a strong preference for the invasive host plant from its native range, tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima); it had long been speculated that L. delicatula could not develop or reproduce without access to tree of heaven. In 2019, we found that this assumption was incorrect, but fitness was reduced in the absence of A. altissima in that the number of egg masses laid was dramatically fewer for insects reared on suitable non-A. altissima host plants that had recently been established. We hypothesized that longer established, larger trees (of the same species) would improve the fitness of L. delicatula in the absence of tree of heaven. In spring 2020, we examined insect performance with and without access to A. altissima by tracking development, survival, host tree association and oviposition in large enclosures with trees planted two years prior to the study. Each enclosure included one each of Juglans nigra, Salix babylonica and Acer saccharinum along with either one A. altissima or one Betula nigra; these trees had twice the diameter of the same trees the previous year. We reared nymphs with and without access to A. altissima, released them into the corresponding large enclosures as third instars, and monitored them from early July 2020 through November 2020. We also determined whether lack of access to A. altissima by parents of L. delicatula have any fitness effects on offspring performance. To ensure adequate adult populations for comparing fecundity between treatments, third instars were released into the multi-tree enclosures due to high mortality in earlier instars that occurred in a similar study in 2019. Insect survival was higher and development faster with access to A. altissima. Third and fourth instar nymphs were most frequently observed on A. altissima when it was present, while adults were equally associated with A. saccharinum and A. altissima. In the absence of A. altissima, nymphs were most frequently found on S. babylonica, while adults were most often on A. saccharinum. Females with access to A. altissima deposited nearly 7-fold more egg masses than those without access to A. altissima, which is consistent with the difference in egg mass numbers between the two treatments the previous year; thus, our hypothesis was rejected. The offspring of parents that had been reared without access to A. altissima showed similar survival and development time from egg to adult as offspring from parents that never had access to A. altissima. These findings suggest that managers need to be aware that even in the absence of A. altissima in the landscape, several hardwood host trees can be utilized by L. delicatula to develop and reproduce, but fitness without A. altissima is likely to still be reduced.

scholarly journals Performance and Host Association of Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma Delicatula) among Common Woody Ornamentals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osariyekemwen Uyi ◽  
Keller Joseph A. ◽  
Kelli Hoover
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Woody Ornamentals ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Lycorma Delicatula ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Similar Survival ◽  
Salix Babylonica

Abstract Despite the broad host range of Lycorma delicatula, the performance of this invasive pest on non-Ailanthus host plant species is difficult to document realistically without using field conditions given this pest’s requirements for vast amounts of phloem. In spring 2020, we examined the performance of L. delicatula with and without access to Ailanthus altissima by tracking development, survival, host tree association and oviposition in large enclosures planted with one each of Juglans nigra, Salix babylonica and Acer saccharinum along with either one A. altissima or one Betula nigra. We reared nymphs with and without access to A. altissima, released them into the corresponding large enclosures as third instars, and monitored them from early July 2020 through November 2020. Insect survival was higher and development faster with access to A. altissima. Third and fourth instar nymphs were most frequently observed on A. altissima when it was present, while adults were equally associated with A. saccharinum and A. altissima. In the absence of A. altissima, nymphs were most frequently found on S. babylonica, while adults were most often on A. saccharinum. Females with access to A. altissima deposited nearly 7-fold more egg masses than those without access to A. altissima. In another experiment, the offspring of parents that had been reared without access to A. altissima showed similar survival and development time from egg to adult as offspring from parents that never had access to A. altissima. These findings suggest that managers need to be aware that even in the absence of A. altissima in the landscape, several hardwood host trees can be utilized by L. delicatula to develop and reproduce.

scholarly journals Dispersal and Oviposition Patterns of Lycorma Delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) During Oviposition Period in Ailanthus Altissima (Simaroubaceae)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minhyung Jung ◽  
Jung-Wook Kho ◽  
Do-Hun Gook ◽  
Young Su Lee ◽  
Doo-Hyung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Oviposition Period ◽  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Lycorma Delicatula ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract The spotted lanternfly (SLF), Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), has the potential to become a global pest and is currently expanding its range in the United States. In this study, we investigated the dispersal patterns of SLF in Ailanthus altissima during its oviposition period in South Korea using fluorescent marking system. Oviposition patterns of SLF were then analyzed by surveying egg masses in A. altissima patches. The recapture rate of fluorescent-marked SLF rapidly decreased < 30% within the first two weeks. During the oviposition period, seven cases of among-patch dispersal of SLF adults were observed with a minimum estimated dispersal distance mainly ranging between 10 - 60 m and a maximum of 1,740 m. Also, the number of A. altissima trees detected with fluorescent-marked SLF increased until late September. Based on the egg mass survey, a total of 159 egg masses were detected from 38 out of 247 A. altissima trees. Furthermore, ca. 80% of egg masses were located < 2.5 m above the ground. Finally, the number of egg masses showed significant positive correlations with the height and diameter at root collar of A. altissima trees; both tree height and DRC were significantly larger from the trees with egg masses.

scholarly journals Development of Behaviorally Based Monitoring and Biosurveillance Tools for the Invasive Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1117-1126
Author(s):  
Laura J Nixon ◽  
Heather Leach ◽  
Caitlin Barnes ◽  
Julie Urban ◽  
Danielle M Kirkpatrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Collection Device ◽  
Lycorma Delicatula ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Current Monitoring ◽  
Phloem Feeding

Abstract The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula White, is an invasive planthopper (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) that was first detected in the United States in Berks County, PA, in 2014, and has since spread in the mid-Atlantic region. This phloem-feeding pest has a broad host range, including economically important crops such as grape where their feeding causes dieback of infested plants. Monitoring the presence and abundance of L. delicatula is of utmost importance to develop pest management approaches. Current monitoring practices include sticky bands deployed on tree trunks, sometimes paired with commercially available methyl salicylate lures. A drawback associated with sticky bands is the high numbers of nontarget captures. Here, we developed traps for L. delicatula based on a circle trap originally designed for weevils. These traps are comprised of a screen funnel that wraps around the trunk of a tree and guides individuals walking up the trunk into a collection device. In 2018 and 2019, we compared circle trap designs with sticky bands in Pennsylvania and Virginia. In both years, circle trap designs yielded captures that were equivalent to or exceeded captures of L. delicatula on sticky bands. Nontarget captures were significantly lower for circle traps compared with sticky bands. Presence of a methyl salicylate lure in association with traps deployed on host trees or vertical tree-mimicking posts did not increase L. delicatula captures compared with unbaited traps. Circle traps, modified using vinyl screen and a larger collection device, present an alternative to the current approach with reduced nontarget capture for monitoring L. delicatula.

scholarly journals Footprints and Ootheca of Lycorma delicatula Influence Host-Searching and -Acceptance of the Egg-Parasitoid Anastatus orientalis

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1270-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Malek ◽  
Joe M Kaser ◽  
Hannah J Broadley ◽  
Juli Gould ◽  
Marco Ciolli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Host Searching ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Lycorma Delicatula ◽  
Phloem Feeder ◽  
Berks County ◽  
Arrestment Response

Abstract The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula White (1845) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is an invasive insect that was first reported in North America in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in 2014. It is a polyphagous phloem feeder that attacks over 70 plant species, threatening the agricultural, lumber, and ornamental industries of North America. Infestations of the pest have been reported in several U.S. counties, and a lack of endemic predators and parasitoids feeding on L. delicatula suggests a release from natural enemies in the invaded range. An egg-parasitoid Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) was reported attacking L. delicatula at high rates in its native range and may play a key role in reducing its populations there. To better understand the foraging behavior of A. orientalis, a series of behavioral experiments were conducted to determine successful parasitism and behavioral responses to traces left by adult L. delicatula and to the oothecae which cover their eggs. Our results suggest that wasps detected chemical traces left by L. delicatula adults while walking on surfaces and exhibited a strong arrestment response. Moreover, wasps preferred to oviposit in egg masses with intact oothecae. The implications of these findings are herein discussed with regard to the exploitation of host kairomones by foraging wasps, as well as to its ability to overcome host structural defenses.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Natural Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridea) Populations in China as Revealed by Microsatellite and Mitochondrial Markers

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Wenhui Zhao ◽  
Fuping Wang ◽  
Daozheng Qin
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase Subunit ◽  
Mitochondrial Markers ◽  
Lycorma Delicatula ◽  
Geographical Populations

The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is a polyphagous pest originating in China and now widely distributed in Asian countries. This is one of the more serious forestry pests with a broad host range and causes significant economic losses. Molecular comparison has been used to investigate this pest’s origin in China, and recent studies have explored the genetic structure among populations in Korea. However, the population structure of this pest in China remains poorly understood. In this study, 13 microsatellite markers and two mitochondrial markers (from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotid (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) regions) were used to reveal the origins and dispersal of L. delicatula based on a genetic analysis of Chinese populations from eight locations. Results show a low to high level of genetic differentiation among populations and significant genetic differentiation between both two clusters and four clusters. The network and phylogenetic analyses for mitochondrial haplotypes and population structure analyses for microsatellite datasets suggest that there is potential gene flow between geographical populations. The populations from Zhejiang and Fujian provinces may come from the other geographical populations in north China. The populations from Beijing, Henan, and Anhui provinces were regarded as the major source of migrants with a high number of migrants leaving (the effective number of migrants (Nem) = 24.40) and the low number of migrants entering (Nem = 2.05) based on the microsatellite dataset, where significant asymmetrical effective migrants to the other populations were detected by non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals.

Developing Traps for the Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A Francese ◽  
Miriam F Cooperband ◽  
Kelly M Murman ◽  
Stefani L Cannon ◽  
Everett G Booth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Relative Ease ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Lycorma Delicatula ◽  
Trapping Methods ◽  
Phloem Feeding

Abstract The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), an invasive, phloem-feeding fulgorid generalist, was recently discovered in the United States. Current trapping methods include placing glue-covered sticky bands around trunks of host trees to exploit the lanternfly’s behavior of climbing up tree trunks. These bands are messy and need to be replaced often as they become covered in both target and nontarget insects and debris. Fourth instar nymphs and adults have also shown an ability to escape from traditional tree bands or avoid capture. A promising commercially available tree band (BugBarrier) design that faces inward to the trunk and targets larger developmental stages was tested. A modified pecan weevil trap (circle trunk trap) was also compared with tree bands. This design does not require the use of insect-trapping adhesive. Circle trunk traps caught more third and fourth instar and adult L. delicatula than BugBarrier bands. Flight intercept traps caught fewer adult L. delicatula than trunk-based tree bands. In a separate comparison, more spotted lanternflies were caught on adhesive-coated ‘tree mimicking’ traps placed along the edges of Ailanthus altissima Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) stands than away from hosts in an open field. Circle trunk traps are recommended for their effectiveness at capturing L. delicatula as well as their relative ease-of-use and reusability.

Oviposition behaviour, egg-masses and hatching response of the eggs of five Nearctic species of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane E Imhof ◽  
Stephenm M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Oviposition Behaviour ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Hatch Rate ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Complete Development

AbstractThe oviposition behaviour of Simulium decorum Wlk., S. vittatum Zett., S. verecundum Stone & Jamnback and S. vernum Macq. is described, with emphasis on the approach by the females to the egglaying sites, the substrates selected and the behaviour of the flies while laying. The eggs and egg-masses of these four species and S. longistylatum Shewell are described; the eggs can be distinguished on the basis of size, and a key is provided to aid their identification. Eggs of S. vittatum completed embryonic development and hatched more quickly than those of S. verecundum of the same age at both 15 and 24°C. The hatch rate of the eggs of both species exceeded 90% when the eggs were present in single-layered masses. The position of an egg Within a multi-layered mass had an important effect on its ability to complete development; significantly lower proportions of eggs of both S. verecundum and S. vittatum in the lowermost layers of large egg-masses hatched, compared with the hatch of those in the top layer. The location of an egg within an egg-mass must be considered a major factor of mortality in the egg stage. The eggs of neither S. verecundum nor S. vittatum were resistant to drying; mortality due to desiccation was related to both the duration of the drying period and the stage of embryonic development when they were subjected to drying.

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