Response of Lutz, Sitka, and White Spruce to Attack by Dendroctonus rufipennis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Blue Stain Fungi

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Werner ◽  
Barbara.L Illman
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

Growth and virulence of Ceratocystis rufipenni and three blue-stain fungi isolated from the Douglas-fir beetle

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 1763-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halvor Solheim ◽  
Paal Krokene
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malt Agar ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

Blue-stain fungi were isolated from the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, and from Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, colonized by the beetle. Growth of the three most commonly isolated blue-stain fungi (Leptographium abietinum (Peck) Wingfield, Ophiostoma europhioides (Wright & Cain) Solheim, Ophiostoma pseudotsugae (Rumbold) von Arx), and Ceratocystis rufipenni Wingfield, Harrington, & Solheim, an important associate of the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), was studied in sapwood and phloem of live Douglas-fir trees, on malt agar, and on malt agar under oxygen-deficient conditions. The two Ophiostoma species grew better in the phloem and induced longer phloem necroses than the other fungi. Ceratocystis rufipenni and O. europhioides grew better in the sapwood and induced deeper sapwood occlusion. All fungi were relatively fast growing on malt agar, with O. pseudotsugae growing fastest and L. abietinum, slowest. Growth of C. rufipenni and O. europhioides was inhibited less by low oxygen levels than the other fungi, and this may explain why these two fungi were better able to colonize live sapwood.Key words: Ceratocystis rufipenni, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Douglas-fir, Leptographium abietinum, Ophiostoma europhioides, Ophiostoma pseudotsugae.

scholarly journals Endemic Jeffrey Pine Beetle Associates: Beetle/Mite Fungal Dissemination Strategies and Interactions That May Influence Beetle Population Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1641
Author(s):  
Javier E. Mercado ◽  
Beatriz Ortiz-Santana ◽  
Shannon L. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Jeffrey Pine ◽  
Mutualistic Interaction ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Grosmannia Clavigera ◽  
Mutualistic Fungus ◽  
Jeffrey Pine Beetle

Fungal and mite associates may drive changes in bark beetle populations, and mechanisms constraining beetle irruptions may be hidden in endemic populations. We characterized common fungi of endemic-level Jeffrey pine beetle (JPB) in western USA and analyzed their dissemination by JPB (maxillae and fecal pellet) and fungivorous mites to identify if endogenous regulation drove the population. We hypothesized that: (1) as in near-endemic mountain pine beetle populations, JPB’s mutualistic fungus would either be less abundant in endemic than in non-endemic populations or that another fungus may be more prevalent; (2) JPB primarily transports its mutualistic fungus, while its fungivorous mites primarily transport another fungus, and (3) based on the prevalence of yeasts in bark beetle symbioses, that a mutualistic interaction with blue-stain fungi present in that system may exist. Grosmannia clavigera was the most frequent JPB symbiont; however, the new here reported antagonist, Ophiostoma minus, was second in frequency. As hypothesized, JPB mostly carried its mutualist fungus while another fungus (i.e., antagonistic) was mainly carried by mites, but no fungal transport was obligate. Furthermore, we found a novel mutualistic interaction between the yeast Kuraishia molischiana and G. clavigera which fostered a growth advantage at temperatures associated with beetle colonization.

scholarly journals Influence of Natural and Artificial Weathering on the Colour Change of Different Wood and Wood-Based Materials

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davor Kržišnik ◽  
Boštjan Lesar ◽  
Nejc Thaler ◽  
Miha Humar
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Natural Weathering ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Artificial Weathering ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Aesthetic

The importance of the aesthetic performance of wood is increasing and the colour is one of the most important parameters of aesthetics, hence the colour stability of twelve different wood-based materials was evaluated by several in-service and laboratory tests. The wood used for wooden façades and decking belongs to a group of severely exposed surfaces. Discolouration of wood in such applications is a long-known phenomenon, which is a result of different biotic and abiotic causes. The ongoing in-service trial started in October 2013, whilst a laboratory test mimicking seasonal exposure was performed in parallel. Samples were exposed to blue stain fungi (Aureobasidium pullulans and Dothichiza pithyophila) in a laboratory test according to the EN 152 procedure. Afterwards, the same samples were artificially weathered and re-exposed to the same blue stain fungi for the second time. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the synergistic effect of weathering and staining. The broader aim of the study was to determine the correlation factors between artificial and natural weathering and to compare laboratory and field test data of fungal disfigurement of various bio-based materials. During the four years of exposure, the most prominent colour changes were determined on decking. Respective changes on the façade elements were significantly less prominent, being the lest evident on the south and east façade. The results showed that there are positive correlations between natural weathering and the combination of artificial weathering and blue staining. Hence, the artificial weathering of wood-based materials in the laboratory should consist of two steps, blue staining and artificial weathering, in order to simulate colour changes.

The occurrence and pathogenicity of Geosmithia spp. and common blue-stain fungi associated with pine bark beetles in planted forests in Israel

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mally Dori-Bachash ◽  
Liat Avrahami-Moyal ◽  
Alex Protasov ◽  
Zvi Mendel ◽  
Stanley Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Pine Bark Beetles ◽  
Blue Stain

Blue-stain fungi in xylem of lodgepole pine: a light-microscope study on extent of hyphal distribution

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2334-2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ballard ◽  
M. A. Walsh ◽  
W. E. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Conducting System ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetles ◽  
Resin Duct ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Pine Beetles

In midsummer mountain pine beetles emerge from lodgepole pine trees and fly to unattacked trees. While chewing vertical egg galleries in the inner bark of the tree, they inoculate into it a blue-stain fungus complex. Initially, the fungi are confined to the beetle frass of the egg gallery, but they soon grow into the sapwood. The fungi spread radially via the parenchyma of the xylem rays. Once established in the xylem rays, fungal hyphae move into the tracheids of the axial water-conducting system. Here they occlude bordered-pit pairs and occasionally the entire lumen of the cell. Fungal hyphae also attack and destroy resin-duct epithelial cells. This may result in release of resin into surrounding tissues. Destruction of storage and water-conducting tissues in the tree trunk is detrimental to renewed shoot tip expansion the following spring.

Entomocorticium dendroctoni gen. et sp. nov. (Basidiomycotina), a possible nutritional symbiote of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine in British Columbia

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Whitney ◽  
R. J. Bandoni ◽  
F. Oberwinkler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

A new basidiomycete, Entomocorticium dendroctoni Whitn., Band. & Oberw., gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated. This cryptic fungus intermingles with blue stain fungi and produces abundant essentially sessile basidiospores in the galleries and pupal chambers of the mountain pine bark beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.). The insect apparently disseminates the fungus. Experimentally, young partially insectary reared adult beetles fed E. dendroctoni produced 19% more eggs than beetles fed the blue stain fungi.

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