Blue-stain fungi in xylem of lodgepole pine: a light-microscope study on extent of hyphal distribution

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2334-2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ballard ◽  
M. A. Walsh ◽  
W. E. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Conducting System ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetles ◽  
Resin Duct ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Pine Beetles

In midsummer mountain pine beetles emerge from lodgepole pine trees and fly to unattacked trees. While chewing vertical egg galleries in the inner bark of the tree, they inoculate into it a blue-stain fungus complex. Initially, the fungi are confined to the beetle frass of the egg gallery, but they soon grow into the sapwood. The fungi spread radially via the parenchyma of the xylem rays. Once established in the xylem rays, fungal hyphae move into the tracheids of the axial water-conducting system. Here they occlude bordered-pit pairs and occasionally the entire lumen of the cell. Fungal hyphae also attack and destroy resin-duct epithelial cells. This may result in release of resin into surrounding tissues. Destruction of storage and water-conducting tissues in the tree trunk is detrimental to renewed shoot tip expansion the following spring.

Entomocorticium dendroctoni gen. et sp. nov. (Basidiomycotina), a possible nutritional symbiote of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine in British Columbia

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Whitney ◽  
R. J. Bandoni ◽  
F. Oberwinkler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

A new basidiomycete, Entomocorticium dendroctoni Whitn., Band. & Oberw., gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated. This cryptic fungus intermingles with blue stain fungi and produces abundant essentially sessile basidiospores in the galleries and pupal chambers of the mountain pine bark beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.). The insect apparently disseminates the fungus. Experimentally, young partially insectary reared adult beetles fed E. dendroctoni produced 19% more eggs than beetles fed the blue stain fungi.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENSITY OF EMERGED DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND DENSITY OF EXIT HOLES IN LODGEPOLE PINE

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Safranyik ◽  
D.A. Linton
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Latex Paint ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetles ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
South Central ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Pine Beetles ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between the density of insect holes in the bark (X1) and the density of emerged mountain pine beetles (Y) was investigated in naturally infested lodgepole pine in south-central British Columbia. The density of exit and ventilation holes (Ho) that were present in the bark prior to emergence by mountain pine beetle averaged 10% of all holes present following the emergence period. There was a weak but significant inverse relationship between Ho and both phloem thickness and density of emerged mountain pine beetles. Painting the bark with light-color latex paint did not affect survival or the temporal pattern of emergence by mountain pine beetle but ensured identification and greatly enhanced counting of fresh exit holes. Of the several regression models investigated, the relation between Y and both X1 and X2 (= X1 – Ho) was best fitted by a log-log linear model. A method is suggested for setting limits on the size of exit holes cut by mountain pine beetle in order to exclude from X2 much of the variation caused by exit holes cut by associated insects. A simple mathematical model was developed of the relationship between mean density of exit holes and the density of emerged mountain pine beetles.

ASSOCIATION OF DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH BLUE STAIN FUNGI AND YEASTS DURING BROOD DEVELOPMENT IN LODGEPOLE PINE

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 1495-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Pupal Chamber

AbstractThe physical association between Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. and its associated blue stain fungi Ceratocystis montia Rumb. and Europhium clavigerum Robinson and Davidson and the yeasts Pichia pini (Holst) Phaff, Hansenula capsulata Wickerham, and H. holstii Wickerham is described in single broods reared in bolts of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm. Eggs just prior to hatch and first-instar larvae were always in contact with the microorganisms whereas newly laid eggs, second-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae were not. During pupation, blue stain fungi and yeasts colonized pupal chamber walls. Transfer of these microorganisms to the new generation of insects was ensured when tenerals contacted the microorganisms lining the pupal chamber. Ensured physical contact between these organisms supports the hypothesis of a symbiosis between them.

The penetration and growth of blue-stain fungi in the sapwood of lodgepole pine attacked by mountain pine beetle

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1724-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ballard ◽  
M. A. Walsh ◽  
W. E. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Bordered Pit ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

The growth of blue-stain fungi was investigated in naturally blue-stained lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) sapwood. Events occurring at the leading edge of hyphal penetration were studied. Fungi are initially confined to the sapwood rays. Hyphae readily penetrate the primary cell walls of ray parenchyma cells and proliferate within. Hyphae also grow freely in the region of the middle lamella of the rays. Host cell walls are breeched mechanically by a penetration peg originating from an appressoriumlike structure. Eventually, hyphae enter tracheids by penetrating the primary cell walls of pinoid, half-bordered pit pairs. Within the tracheid, fungal hyphae grow in a longitudinal fashion, branching infrequently. Hyphae may pass from tracheid to tracheid via bordered pit pairs. Ensuing water stress and eventual tree death is discussed in light of histological evidence presented.

Inoculation of lodgepole pine with four blue-stain fungi associated with mountain pine beetle, monitored by a heat pulse velocity (HPV) instrument

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yamaoka ◽  
R. H. Swanson ◽  
Y. Hiratsuka
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Heat Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

In two separate experiments in the field, healthy 80-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) were inoculated with four blue-stain fungi that are associated with mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopk.) and beetle-attacked trees. Inocula of Ophiostomaclavigerum (Robins.-Jeff. & Davids.) Harrington, O, huntii (Robins.-Jeff.) de Hoog & Scheffer, O. montium (Rumb.) von Arx, and O. minus (Hedge.) H. & P. Sydow were prepared on sawdust media. Inoculum was placed under the bark in two areas (8 × 5 cm each), one above the other, separated by a 15-cm space in which heat pulse velocity (HPV) sensors were installed. HPVs in the inoculated trees were monitored daily for 4 weeks. In sections inoculated with O. clavigerum, HPVs were significantly reduced 10 to 13 days after inoculation in both experiments. Sapwood under the inoculated area was visibly altered and colonized by the fungus. The other three fungi did not significantly reduce HPVs. These results proved the capability of O. clavigerum to colonize functional sapwood and stop sap flow within a short period of time and reconfirmed the importance of this fungus in the mortality of trees attacked by mountain pine beetle.

Virulence of, and interactions among, mountain pine beetle associated blue-stain fungi on two pine species and their hybrids in Alberta

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Rice ◽  
M.N. Thormann ◽  
D.W. Langor
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Hybrid Pine

Mountain pine beetle (MPB) is the most serious pest of lodgepole pine in western Canada, and it is predicted to spread into boreal jack pine within the next few years. Colonization of host trees by MPB-associated blue-stain fungi appears to be required for successful beetle reproduction. Three species of blue-stain fungi, Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffery and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer, and Wingfield (≡ Ophiostoma clavigerum (Robinson-Jeffery and Davidson) Harrington), Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx, and Leptographium longiclavatum Lee, Kim, and Breuil, are associated with MPB in Alberta. In inoculation experiments, all three fungi caused lesions on lodgepole pine, jack pine, and their hybrids. On average, lesions were longer on jack pine and hybrids than on lodgepole pine, suggesting that fungal development will not be a barrier to MPB success in these trees. Differences in lesion length caused by the three fungal species were minimal, with significant differences observed only on hybrid pine and between O. montium and the other fungal treatments. On average, lesions caused by combinations of the three fungi (pair-wise and all together) did not differ significantly in length from those caused by the fungi singly, and none of the fungal species competitively excluded any of the others. These observations suggest that all three species are pathogenic to boreal pines and that the virulence of all three species is comparable.

Rate of increase of blue stained volume in mountain pine beetle killed lodgepole pine in northeastern Oregon, U.S.A.

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Harvey Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

Recently killed lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) were examined to determine rate of spread of blue stain fungi introduced by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopk.). Trees were felled, dissected at 2.5-m intervals, and photographed at each cross section to determine area of stain. Rate of spread is so rapid that salvaging mountain pine beetle killed lodgepole pine prior to severe staining is difficult.

Susceptibility of lodgepole pine to infestation by mountain pine beetles following partial cutting of stands

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-284
Author(s):  
Gene D. Amman ◽  
Mark D. McGregor ◽  
Richard F. Schmitz ◽  
Robert D. Oakes
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetles ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetles

not available

Efficacy of verbenone in reducing lodgepole pine infestation by mountain pine beetles in Idaho

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene D. Amman ◽  
Ralph W. Thier ◽  
Mark D. McGregor ◽  
Richard F. Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetles ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Pine Beetles

Verbenone, a bark beetle antiaggregative pheromone, was deployed in lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands in the Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho, U.S.A., to test its efficacy in reducing tree losses to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins). Treatments tested were verbenone, mountain pine beetle tree bait, verbenone plus mountain pine beetle tree bait, and a control. Each treatment was applied individually to 1-ha blocks and replicated four times. Treatment effects were measured by percentage of infested (i.e., mass-attacked) lodgepole pine. ANOVA showed a significant treatment effect (P < 0.005). Blocks treated with mountain pine beetle tree baits had significantly (P < 0.002) higher average percentages of infested trees (24.4%), whereas no significant difference occurred in percentages of infested trees among the other three treatments. Average percentages of infested trees were 0.9% for verbenone, 7.4% for verbenone plus mountain pine beetle tree bait, and 3.3% for the control. A 2.3-fold reduction in infested trees occurred when verbenone was applied to blocks treated with mountain pine beetle tree baits.

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