scholarly journals A componential analysis of task‐switching deficits associated with lesions of left and right frontal cortex

Brain ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 127 (7) ◽  
pp. 1561-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Aron ◽  
Stephen Monsell ◽  
Barbara J. Sahakian ◽  
Trevor W. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Componential Analysis ◽  
Left And Right

Orbito-frontal cortex and thalamus volumes in the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after cognitive behavioral therapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murad Atmaca ◽  
Hanefi Yildirim ◽  
Seda Yilmaz ◽  
Neslihan Caglar ◽  
Osman Mermi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Left And Right

Background The effect of a variety of treatment modalities including psychopharmacological and cognitive behavioral therapy on the brain volumes and neurochemicals have not been investigated enough in the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on the volumes of the orbito-frontal cortex and thalamus regions which seem to be abnormal in the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. We hypothesized that there would be change in the volumes of the orbito-frontal cortex and thalamus. Methods Twelve patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and same number of healthy controls were included into the study. At the beginning of the study, the volumes of the orbito-frontal cortex and thalamus were compared by using magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, volumes of these regions were measured before and after the cognitive behavioral therapy treatment in the patient group. Results The patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder had greater left and right thalamus volumes and smaller left and right orbito-frontal cortex volumes compared to those of healthy control subjects at the beginning of the study. When we compared baseline volumes of the patients with posttreatment ones, we detected that thalamus volumes significantly decreased throughout the period for both sides and that the orbito-frontal cortex volumes significantly increased throughout the period for only left side. Conclusions In summary, we found that cognitive behavioral therapy might volumetrically affect the key brain regions involved in the neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, future studies with larger sample are required.

scholarly journals The Brain-Heart Connection: Frontal Cortex and Left Ventricle Angiotensinase Activities in Control and Captopril-Treated Hypertensive Rats—A Bilateral Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana B. Segarra ◽  
Isabel Prieto ◽  
Inmaculada Banegas ◽  
Ana B. Villarejo ◽  
Rosemary Wangensteen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

The model ofneurovisceral integrationsuggests that the frontal cortex (FC) and the cardiovascular function are reciprocally and asymmetrically connected. We analyzed several angiotensinase activities in the heart left ventricle (VT) of control and captopril-treated SHR, and we search for a relationship between these activities and those determined in the left and right FC. Captopril was administered in drinking water for 4 weeks. Samples from the left VT and from the left and right FC were obtained. Soluble and membrane-bound enzymatic activities were measured fluorometrically using arylamides as substrates. The weight of heart significantly decreased after treatment with captopril, mainly, due to the reduction of the left VT weight. In the VT, no differences for soluble activities were observed between control and treated SHR. In contrast, a generalized significant reduction was observed for membrane-bound activities. The most significant correlations between FC and VT were observed in the right FC of the captopril-treated group. The other correlations, right FC versus VT and left FC versus VT in controls and left FC versus VT in the captopril group, were few and low. These results confirm that the connection between FC and cardiovascular system is asymmetrically organized.

scholarly journals Functional and neurometabolic asymmetry in SHR and WKY rats following vasoactive treatments

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana B. Segarra ◽  
Isabel Prieto-Gomez ◽  
Inmaculada Banegas ◽  
Magdalena Martínez-Cañamero ◽  
Juan de Dios Luna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Vasoactive Drug ◽  
Vasoactive Drugs ◽  
Metabolic Factors ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Wky Rats ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Shr And Wky Rats

Abstract A lateralized distribution of neuropeptidase activities in the frontal cortex of normotensive and hypertensive rats has been described depending on the use of some vasoactive drugs and linked to certain mood disorders. Asymmetrical neuroperipheral connections involving neuropeptidases from the left or right hemisphere and aminopeptidases from the heart or plasma have been suggested to play a role in this asymmetry. We hypothesize that such asymmetries could be extended to the connection between the brain and physiologic parameters and metabolic factors from plasma and urine. To assess this hypothesis, we analyzed the possible correlation between neuropeptidases from the left and right frontal cortex with peripheral parameters in normotensive (Wistar Kyoto [WKY]) rats and hypertensive rats (spontaneously hypertensive rats [SHR]) untreated or treated with vasoactive drugs such as captopril, propranolol and L-nitro-arginine methyl ester. Neuropeptidase activities from the frontal cortex were analyzed fluorometrically using arylamide derivatives as substrates. Physiological parameters and metabolic factors from plasma and urine were determined using routine laboratory techniques. Vasoactive drug treatments differentially modified the asymmetrical neuroperipheral pattern by changing the predominance of the correlations between peripheral parameters and central neuropeptidase activities of the left and right frontal cortex. The response pattern also differed between SHR and WKY rats. These results support an asymmetric integrative function of the organism and suggest the possibility of a different neurometabolic response coupled to particular mood disorders, depending on the selected vasoactive drug.

scholarly journals Blood Pressure Correlates Asymmetrically with Neuropeptidase Activities of the Left and Right Frontal Cortices

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Ana Belén Segarra ◽  
Isabel Prieto ◽  
Inmaculada Banegas ◽  
Magdalena Martínez-Cañamero ◽  
Marc de Gasparo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Propranolol Group ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Cardio Vascular ◽  
The Right

It was suggested that the brain-heart connection is asymmetrically organized. However, evidence connecting neurochemical factors from each brain hemisphere with changes in cardio-vascular functions have not yet been reported. In order to analyze potential asymmetrical connections between brain neurochemical factors with cardio-vascular functions, we studied the level of correlations between the left and right frontal cortex (FC) soluble (Sol) and membrane-bound (MB) neuropeptide-degrading enzymes alanyl (AlaAP), cystinyl (CysAP), and glutamyl (GluAP) aminopeptidase activities, involved among others in the metabolism of angiotensins, with heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, in rats treated or not with hypotensive or hypertensive drugs such as captopril, propranolol or L-NAME. The present study suggests the existence of a bidirectional asymmetrical connection between these brain neuropeptidases and cardio-vascular functions. Specifically, depending on treatment, in control group, Sol AlaAP from the left FC correlates negatively with SBP and DBP. In captopril-treated animals, MB CysAP and MB GluAP from the right FC correlate negatively with HR. In L-NAME treated rats, Sol CysAP from the right FC correlates negatively with DBP. No significant correlations were observed in the propranolol group. Considering together all the values obtained from the left or the right cortex of the four groups regardless of drug treatment, the results demonstrated significant negative correlations between these neuropeptidase activities, mainly from the left frontal cortex, with the levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Remarkably, these findings contrast drastically with previously reported results indicating significant positive correlations between the left frontal cortex with other peripheral functions such as water intake and diuresis. Both results represent noteworthy information that strongly supports the concept of a bidirectional asymmetric organization of neurovisceral integration involving left and right brain neurochemical processes with peripheral physiological functions, most probably mediated by the autonomic nervous system. Overall, the present results suggest that cognitive functions involving the frontal cortex may be asymmetrically connected with peripheral physiological processes, and vice versa.

Role of the Human Medial Frontal Cortex in Task Switching: A Combined fMRI and TMS Study

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 2577-2592 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F.S. Rushworth ◽  
K. A. Hadland ◽  
T. Paus ◽  
P. K. Sipila
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Medial Frontal Cortex ◽  
Stimulus Selection ◽  
Task Set ◽  
Fmri Session

We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity when subjects were performing identical tasks in the context of either a task-set switch or a continuation of earlier performance. The context, i.e., switching or staying with the current task, influenced medial frontal cortical activation; the medial frontal cortex is transiently activated at the time that subjects switch from one way of performing a task to another. Two types of task-set-switching paradigms were investigated. In the response-switching (RS) paradigm, subjects switched between different rules for response selection and had to choose between competing responses. In the visual-switching (VS) paradigm, subjects switched between different rules for stimulus selection and had to choose between competing visual stimuli. The type of conflict, sensory (VS) or motor (RS), involved in switching was critical in determining medial frontal activation. Switching in the RS paradigm was associated with clear blood-oxygenation-level-dependent signal increases (“activations”) in three medial frontal areas: the rostral cingulate zone, the caudal cingulate zone, and the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA). Switching in the VS task was associated with definite activation in just one medial frontal area, a region on the border between the pre-SMA and the SMA. Subsequent to the fMRI session, we used MRI-guided frameless stereotaxic procedures and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to test the importance of the medial frontal activations for task switching. Applying rTMS over the pre-SMA disrupted subsequent RS performance but only when it was applied in the context of a switch. This result shows, first, that the pre-SMA is essential for task switching and second that its essential role is transient and limited to just the time of behavioral switching. The results are consistent with a role for the pre-SMA in selecting between response sets at a superordinate level rather than in selecting individual responses. The effect of the rTMS was not simply due to the tactile and auditory artifacts associated with each pulse; rTMS over several control regions did not selectively disrupt switching. Applying rTMS over the SMA/pre-SMA area activated in the VS paradigm did not disrupt switching. This result, first, confirms the limited importance of the medial frontal cortex for sensory attentional switching. Second, the VS rTMS results suggest that just because an area is activated in two paradigms does not mean that it plays the same essentialrole in both cases.

scholarly journals Greater Activity in the Frontal Cortex on Left Curves: A Vector-Based fNIRS Study of Left and Right Curve Driving

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. e0127594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Oka ◽  
Kayoko Yoshino ◽  
Kouji Yamamoto ◽  
Hideki Takahashi ◽  
Shuguang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Left And Right
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