scholarly journals Virulence evolution of pathogens that can grow in reservoir environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aakash Pandey ◽  
Nicole Mideo ◽  
Thomas G. Platt
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Evolution

scholarly journals Virulence evolution of a sterilizing plant virus: Tuning multiplication and resource exploitation

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viji Vijayan ◽  
Silvia López-González ◽  
Flora Sánchez ◽  
Fernando Ponz ◽  
Israel Pagán
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Virulence Evolution

scholarly journals Virulence evolution of a parasite infecting male and female hosts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison M. Wardlaw ◽  
Aneil F. Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Reproductive Value ◽  
Contact Pattern ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Virulence Evolution ◽  
Host Type ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
Exploitation Rate ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable

AbstractParasites experience different tradeoffs between transmission and virulence in male and female hosts if the sexes vary in life history or disease-related traits. We determine the evolutionarily stable levels of exploitation by pathogens under two scenarios: an unconstrained pathogen that expresses different exploitation rates within each host type as well as a pathogen constrained to express the same exploitation rate in each sex. We show that an unconstrained horizontally-transmitted parasite evolves to express the same sex-specific exploitation rate within each sex as it would in a host population composed entirely of hosts with that sex’s resistance and intrinsic death rate. In contrast, the ESS exploitation rate of a constrained pathogen is affected by sex-differences in susceptibility and non-random contact patterns between host types that differ in resistance. As the amount of within-sex transmission increases, the ESS shifts closer to the optimum trait value in the more susceptible sex. Allowing for some degree of vertical transmission, the exploitation rate expressed in females (but not males) changes with contact pattern even in unconstrained pathogens. Differences in contact pattern and susceptibility play an important role in determining the ESS exploitation rate by shifting the reproductive value of each host type.

scholarly journals Theory and Empiricism in Virulence Evolution

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e1004387 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Bull ◽  
Adam S. Lauring
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Evolution

Tripartite interactions: how immunity, microbiota and pathogens interact and affect pathogen virulence evolution

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie AO Armitage ◽  
Elke Genersch ◽  
Dino P McMahon ◽  
Charlotte Rafaluk-Mohr ◽  
Jens Rolff
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Virulence Evolution ◽  
Tripartite Interactions

scholarly journals Virulence evolution of a generalist plant virus in a heterogeneous host system

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 875-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Betancourt ◽  
Fernando Escriu ◽  
Aurora Fraile ◽  
Fernando García‐Arenal
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Host System ◽  
Virulence Evolution

scholarly journals Could the human papillomavirus vaccines drive virulence evolution?

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1798) ◽  
pp. 20141069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Lía Murall ◽  
Chris T. Bauch ◽  
Troy Day
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Oncogene Expression ◽  
Virulence Evolution

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines hold great promise for preventing several cancers caused by HPV infections. Yet little attention has been given to whether HPV could respond evolutionarily to the new selection pressures imposed on it by the novel immunity response created by the vaccine. Here, we present and theoretically validate a mechanism by which the vaccine alters the transmission–recovery trade-off that constrains HPV's virulence such that higher oncogene expression is favoured. With a high oncogene expression strategy, the virus is able to increase its viral load and infected cell population before clearance by the vaccine, thus improving its chances of transmission. This new rapid cell-proliferation strategy is able to circulate between hosts with medium to high turnover rates of sexual partners. We also discuss the importance of better quantifying the duration of challenge infections and the degree to which a vaccinated host can shed virus. The generality of the models presented here suggests a wider applicability of this mechanism, and thus highlights the need to investigate viral oncogenicity from an evolutionary perspective.

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