scholarly journals Could the human papillomavirus vaccines drive virulence evolution?

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1798) ◽  
pp. 20141069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Lía Murall ◽  
Chris T. Bauch ◽  
Troy Day
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Oncogene Expression ◽  
Virulence Evolution

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines hold great promise for preventing several cancers caused by HPV infections. Yet little attention has been given to whether HPV could respond evolutionarily to the new selection pressures imposed on it by the novel immunity response created by the vaccine. Here, we present and theoretically validate a mechanism by which the vaccine alters the transmission–recovery trade-off that constrains HPV's virulence such that higher oncogene expression is favoured. With a high oncogene expression strategy, the virus is able to increase its viral load and infected cell population before clearance by the vaccine, thus improving its chances of transmission. This new rapid cell-proliferation strategy is able to circulate between hosts with medium to high turnover rates of sexual partners. We also discuss the importance of better quantifying the duration of challenge infections and the degree to which a vaccinated host can shed virus. The generality of the models presented here suggests a wider applicability of this mechanism, and thus highlights the need to investigate viral oncogenicity from an evolutionary perspective.

Detection of Metal Toxicity Using Natural Phytoplankton as Test Organisms in the Great Lakes

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-176
Author(s):  
Mohiddin Munawari ◽  
Milos Legner
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
System Response ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Natural Phytoplankton

Abstract This paper presents an overview of techniques utilizing natural phytoplankton for the detection of metal-Induced stress in the Great Lakes. Both field and laboratory procedures are designed to evaluate either structural changes or functional response of test organisms. This up-to-date compendium provides a choice of techniques, which permits a holistic assessment of the stress caused by toxic metals. Recently introduced techniques, such as normalized size spectra analysis, flow cytometry, and the evaluation of a continuous-flow system response to metal toxicity, are discussed in more detail to explore their future potential. Owing to their key position in the food web, high turnover rates, abundance, and sensitivity to environmental perturbation, phytoplankton serve as reliable early warning indicators of ecosystem deterioration and its restoration.

scholarly journals Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus in Czech non-vaccinated heterosexual couples

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Jaworek ◽  
Vladimira Koudelakova ◽  
Ivana Oborna ◽  
Blazena Zborilova ◽  
Jana Brezinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Heterosexual Couples ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Hpv Test ◽  
Penile Swabs

Abstract Background Data about the genotype-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence in the Czech Republic is limited. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and concordance of genotype-specific HPV infection detected in semen samples, penile swabs and cervical swabs from non-vaccinated heterosexual couples without HPV-associated disease. Methods Semen samples and penile swabs were collected from male partners and cervical swabs were collected from female partners of heterosexual couples treated for infertility (n = 195). Presence of HPV DNA in semen samples and cervical swabs was analyzed using the cobas® HPV Test and PapilloCheck®. Only the PapilloCheck® test was used to detect HPV in penile swabs. The genotype-specific prevalence and concordance of HPV infection not targeted by vaccine were evaluated using Fisher exact test. Results Both partners were infected with any HPV type in 13.8% (27/195) of couples and, of these couples, 55.6% (15/27) harbored at least one mutual genotype. High-risk HPV (hrHPV) genotypes were detected in 12.3% (24/195) of semen samples, 31.3% (61/195) of penile swabs, and 19.5% (38/195) of cervical swabs (P < 0.001). The most prevalent hrHPV genotype were HPV53 (2.56%; 5/195) in semen samples, HPV16 (6.67%, 13/195) in penile swabs and HPV39 (3.59%, 7/195) in cervical swabs. Low-risk (lrHPV) genotypes were detected in 5.13% (10/195) of semen samples, 15.9% (31/195) of penile swabs, and 4.10% (8/195) of cervical swabs (P < 0.001). Male sexual partners of HPV-positive women were more likely to be infected with at least one of the same HPV types than female sexual partners of HPV-positive men (34.9% vs. 17.9%, P = 0.055). Conclusions This study showed that the detection of HPV infection differ by anatomic site and gender. Regardless the anatomic site, high prevalence of HPV genital infection was found in both Czech men and women.

What is the Evolutionary Advantage of Migraine?

Cephalalgia ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 624-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Loder
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
Design Constraint ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Evolutionary Advantage ◽  
Evolutionary Explanations

Susceptibility to migraine is determined by genetic factors and is therefore subject to the forces of natural selection. Migraine is a common and ancient disorder whose prevalence may be increasing, suggesting that a migraine-prone nervous system may be associated with reproductive or survival advantages. Five evolutionary explanations are reviewed that might account for the persistence of migraine: (i) migraine as a defence mechanism; (ii) migraine as a result of conflict with other organisms; (iii) migraine as result of novel environmental factors; (iv) migraine as a trade-off between genetic harms and benefits; and (v) migraine as a design constraint. An evolutionary perspective on migraine allows the generation of important hypotheses about the disorder and suggests rewarding possibilities for further research.

scholarly journals Human Papillomavirus Genotype Distribution and E6/E7 Oncogene Expression in Turkish Women with Cervical Cytological Findings

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 3997-4003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seda Tezcan ◽  
Didem Ozgur ◽  
Mahmut Ulger ◽  
Gonul Aslan ◽  
Iclal Gurses ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Turkish Women ◽  
Oncogene Expression ◽  
E7 Oncogene

High turnover rates of dissolved organic carbon during a spring phytoplankton bloom

Nature ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 352 (6336) ◽  
pp. 612-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Kirchman ◽  
Yoshimi Suzuki ◽  
Christopher Garside ◽  
Hugh W. Ducklow
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Phytoplankton Bloom ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Spring Phytoplankton Bloom
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