Converting Incidence and Prevalence Data of Nosocomial Infections Results From Eight Hospitals

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Gastmeier ◽  
Helga Bräuer ◽  
Dorit Sohr ◽  
Christine Geffers ◽  
Dietmar H. Forster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Discharged Patients ◽  
Separate Point ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractObjective:To investigate the use of the formula of Rhame and Sudderth for the interconversion of prevalence and incidence data on the frequency of nosocomial infections.Design:Comparison of observed and calculated incidence data and prevalence data.Setting:One 8-week incidence investigation in the surgical and intensive care units of eight medium-sized hospitals; three separate point-prevalence studies in the same units.Results:The overall prevalence observed after the three prevalence studies in 2,169 patients was 6.8% (95% confidence interval [CI95], 5.7-8.0). In 2,882 discharged patients observed during the incidence study, the mean hospitalization was 9.8 days; patients with one or more nosocomial infection had a mean hospitalization time of 22.3 days and a mean interval of 8.2 days from admission to the first day of infection. Based on these data, the overall calculated incidence was 4.7%, whereas the observed incidence was 4.3% (CI95, 3.6-5.2). Vice versa, an overall prevalence of 6.2% was found when calculated from the observed incidence data.The incidence data calculated from prevalence data also were within the confidence interval of the incidences observed for urinary tract infections and surgical-site infections. (However, it was not possible to convert the data for two of the eight hospitals.)Conclusion:The approximate mathematical relationship between the prevalence and incidence data of nosocomial infection is confirmed by this study. However, although it is theoretically possible, we would not recommend the conversion of prevalence into incidence data or vice versa.

Nosocomial Infections in Spain: Results of Five Nationwide Serial Prevalence Surveys (EPINE Project, 1990–1994)

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-297
Author(s):  
Josep Vaqué ◽  
José Rosselló ◽  
Antoni Trilla ◽  
Vicente Monge ◽  
Juan García-Caballero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Core Sample ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractObjective: To determine trends in rates of nosocomial infections in Spanish hospitals.Design: Prospective prevalence studies, performed yearly from 1990 through 1994.Setting: A convenience sample of acute-care Spanish hospitals.Participants and Patients: The number of hospitals and patients included were as follows: 1990, 125 hospitals and 38,489 patients; 1991, 136 and 42,185; 1992, 163 and 44,343; 1993, 171 and 46,983; 1994, 186 and 49,689. A core sample of 74 hospitals, which participated in all five surveys and included a mean of 23,871 patients per year, was analyzed separately.Results: The overall prevalence rate of patients with nosocomial infections in the five studies was as follows: 1990, 8.5%; 1991, 7.8%; 1992, 7.3%; 1993, 7.1%; and 1994, 7.2%. The prevalence rate of patients with nosocomial infection in the core sample of 74 hospitals was 8.9%, 8.0%, 7.4%, 7.6%, and 7.6%, respectively (test for trend, P=.0001). Patients admitted to intensive care units had a 22.8% prevalence rate of nosocomial infection in 1994. The most common nosocomial infections by primary site were urinary tract infection and surgical site infections, followed by respiratory tract infections and bacteremia. More than 60% of all infections were supported by a microbiological diagnosis.Conclusions: The EPINE project provides a uniform tool for performing limited surveillance of nosocomial infections in most Spanish acute-care hospitals. Its use helps to spread an accepted set of definitions and methods for nosocomial infection control in the Spanish healthcare system. The surveys indicate that the prevalence of nosocomial infections has been reduced over the last 5 years in a core sample of Spanish hospitals.

Nosocomial Infections in 15 Rural Wisconsin Hospitals—Results and Conclusions from 6 Months of Comprehensive Surveillance

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Scheckler ◽  
Patty J. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Total Abdominal Hysterectomy ◽  
Abdominal Hysterectomy ◽  
Care Community ◽  
Infection Incidence ◽  
Infection Control Practitioner ◽  
Hospital Infection Control ◽  
Discharged Patients

AbstractFifteen rural Wisconsin acute care community hospitals with an average approved bed size of 55 and an average daily census of 28 patients participated in a nosocomial infection control project. Each hospital Infection Control Practitioner (ICP) was trained and conducted prospective nosocomial infection surveillance on all patients admitted to the hospital for 6 consecutive months between May 1,1984 and April 30, 1985. Two hundred twenty nosocomial infections were reported among 13,420 discharged patients for an incidence rate of 1.64 infections per 100 discharged patients. One hundred sixty-four patients had one nosocomial infection. Twenty-three patients had two or more. Infection rates were highest among gynecology— 4.9% and general surgery patients— 4.0%, and lowest among newborns—0.3% and pediatric patients—0%. 39.7% of the infections were of the urinary tract, 27.9% of surgical wounds, 16% pneumonia, and 1.4% primary bacteremia. The other infections were in seven additional sites. Risk factors associated with acquisition of infections included old age, urinary catheterization, and/or a surgical procedure. The overall nosocomial surgical wound infection incidence for inpatient procedures was 1.9%, with incidences of 0.4% for hernia repair, 1.3% for cholecystectomy, 3.3% for appendectomy, 4.0% for total abdominal hysterectomy, and 3.9% for cesarean sections; The incidence of nosocomial infections was 2.7 infections per 100 discharged patients age 65 years or over and 0.9 infections per 100 discharged patients less than 65 years. Two hundred thirty-six microorganisms were cultured from 175 of the infections. Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus were the most common gram-positive organisms. E. coli, Pseudomonas, Proteus, and Klebsiella were the most common gram-negative organisms cultured. The overall nosocomial infection incidence was much lower than reported rates for other groups of hospitals. These data have implications for the review and potential modification of complex guidelines and requirements for infection control in smaller rural hospitals.

scholarly journals Device-Associated Nosocomial Infection Rates in Intensive Care Units of Argentina

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Daniel Rosenthal ◽  
Sandra Guzmán ◽  
Christopher Crnich
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Infection Control Program ◽  
Surgical Icus ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractBackground:Nosocomial infections are an important public health problem in many developing countries, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. No previous data are available on the incidence of device-associated nosocomial infections in different types of ICUs in Argentina.Methods:We performed a prospective nosocomial infection surveillance study during the first year of an infection control program in six Argentinean ICUs. Nosocomial infections were identified using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System definitions, and site-specific nosocomial infection rates were calculated.Results:The rate of catheter-associated bloodstream infections in medical-surgical ICUs was 30.3 per 1,000 device days; it was 14.2 per 1,000 device-days in coronary care units (CCUs). The rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in medical-surgical ICUs was 46.3 per 1,000 device-days; it was 45.5 per 1,000 device-days in CCUs. The rate of symptomatic catheter-associated urinary tract infections in medical-surgical ICUs was 18.5 per 1,000 device-days; it was 12.1 per 1,000 device-days in CCUs.Conclusion:The high rate of nosocomial infections in Argentinean ICUs found during our surveillance suggests that ongoing targeted surveillance and implementation of proven infection control strategies is needed in developing countries such as Argentina.

Handwashing Program for the Prevention of Nosocomial Infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 742-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sau-Pin Won ◽  
Hung-Chieh Chou ◽  
Wu-Shiun Hsieh ◽  
Chien-Yi Chen ◽  
Shio-Min Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the effects of a hand hygiene program on compliance with hand hygiene and the rate of nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Design:Open trial.Setting:A level-III NICU in a teaching hospital.Participants:Nurses, physicians, and other healthcare workers in the NICU.Interventions:A multimodal campaign for hand hygiene promotion was conducted beginning in September 1998. This program consisted of formal lectures, written instructions and posted reminders regarding hand hygiene and proper handwashing techniques, covert observation, financial incentives, and regular group feedback on compliance. Surveillance of handwashing compliance and nosocomial infections before and during the program was analyzed.Results:Overall compliance with hand hygiene improved from 43% at baseline to 80% during the promotion program. The rate of nosocomial infections decreased from 15.13 to 10.69 per 1,000 patient-days (P = .003) with improved handwashing compliance. In particular, respiratory tract infections decreased from 3.35 to 1.06 per 1,000 patient-days during the handwashing campaign (P = .002). Furthermore, the correlation between nosocomial infection of the respiratory tract and handwashing compliance also reached statistical significance (r = -0.385; P = .014).Conclusions:Improved compliance with handwashing was associated with a significant decrease in overall rates of nosocomial infection and respiratory infections in particular. Washing hands is a simple, economical, and effective method for preventing nosocomial infections in the NICU

scholarly journals Use of chlorhexidine for the prophylaxis of nosocomial infections in ICU

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Bagin ◽  
Vladimir A. Rudnov ◽  
M.N. Astafieva
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Oral Care ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Catheter Colonization ◽  
Chlorhexidine Bathing ◽  
Skin Decontamination ◽  
Tract Infections

This review summarizes published data on the use of chlorhexidine for the prevention of nosocomial infections in the intensive care units (ICU). The use of a 0.5–2.0% alcohol solution of chlorhexidine is strongly recommended for the surgical site decontamination before surgical intervention or vascular puncture for the prevention of surgical site infections and catheter-associated bloodstream infections. The following measures could be considered: daily skin decontamination with water solution of chlorhexidine (chlorhexidine bathing) in ICU for the prevention of catheter-associated bloodstream infection; the use of impregnated with chlorhexidine dressing for the prevention of catheter-associated bloodstream infections and catheter colonization; cleaning of the urinary meatus with water solution of chlorhexidine for the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. A routine use of chlorhexidine solution for oral care to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia is not reasonable. The risks of contact dermatitis, anaphylaxis and emergence of chlorhexidine-resistant microorganisms should be considered when using chlorhexidine.

Prevalence of Nosocomial Infections After Surgery in Greek Hospitals: Results of Two Nationwide Surveys

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achilleas Gikas ◽  
Maria Roumbelaki ◽  
John Pediaditis ◽  
Pavlos Nikolaidis ◽  
Stamatina Levidiotou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Prophylactic Antibiotic ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Day Range ◽  
Greek Hospitals

AbstractObjective:To determine the frequency and type of nosocomial infections (NIs) (especially surgical-site infections [SSIs]), risk factors, and the type and duration of antibiotic use among surgical patients in Greek hospitals.Design:Two point-prevalence studies.Setting:Fourteen Greek hospitals.Patients:Those in the hospitals during two prevalence surveys undergoing surgery during their stay.Results:In the 1999 survey, 129 of 1,037 surgical patients had developed 148 NIs (14.3%). A total of 1,093 operations were registered, and 49 SSIs (4.5%) were found. In the 2000 survey, 82 of 868 surgical patients had developed 88 NIs (10.1%). A total of 902 operations were registered, and 38 SSIs were detected (4.2%). The median length of stay (LOS) for surgical patients without SSI was 10.0 days (range, 1-19 days); for patients who developed SSI it was 30 days (range, 1-52 days; P < .001). The median LOS prior to surgery for patients without SSI was 1 day (range, 0-4 days); for patients who developed SSI it was 3 days (range, 0-7.5 days; P < .001). Among 30 possible risk factors studied, wound class, LOS prior to surgery, and central venous catheterization were independent predictors of SSI. Median durations of prophylactic antibiotic therapy were 4 days (range, 1-14 days) and 6 days (range, 1-16 days) in the 1999 and 2000 surveys, respectively.Conclusion:Surgical patients in Greek hospitals suffered higher rates of SSI than did surgical patients in other developed countries while prophylactic antibiotics were used excessively.

Nosocomial Infection Rates at an Oncology Center

1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coleman Rotstein ◽  
K. Michael Cummings ◽  
Andreas L. Nicolaou ◽  
Joyce Lucey ◽  
John Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Underlying Malignancy ◽  
Acute Myelogenous ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Oncology Center

AbstractNosocomial infection rates were computed for 5,031 patients at an oncology center during a 20-month period. Twelve percent of the patients developed nosocomial infections, accounting for a total of 802 infections. The overall incidence of nosocomial infections during this study period was 6.27 infections per 1,000 patient days. The highest incidence of nosocomial infections was found in patients having acute myelogenous leukemia (30.49 infections per 1,000 patient days); bone and joint cancer (27.27 infections per 1,000 patient days); and liver cancer (26.58 infections per 1,000 patient days). The respiratory tract was the most common site of infection, followed by blood-stream, surgical wound, and urinary tract infections. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and coagulase-negative staphylococci were most frequently implicated as pathogens. The distribution of specific types of infection according to underlying malignancy was also tabulated. These data provide nosocomial infection rates, common pathogens, and sites of infection for cancer patients, thus assisting in directing appropriate therapy for these patients.

scholarly journals Post-cardiac surgery bacterial contamination

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Aliona Nastas ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
And Control

Background: Septic purulent nosocomial infections (SPNI) are one of the most significant healthcare challenges of post-surgical procedures. SPNI are associated with increased morbidity, mortality and admission costs. It is a priority to determine the level of nosocomial infections (NI). This study aims to evaluate the bacterial contaminations after cardiac surgery within the Department of Acquired Heart Defects (DAHD). Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was designed and the medical records of 1189 patients who underwent cardiac surgery within the DAHD of a multiprofile hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The data were collected and stored in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Results: The incidence rate of SPNI following cardiac surgery was 317.57‰ compared to 15.02‰ officially reported (p <0.001). Of the most common infections among the total of 418 cases of SPNI studied, 32.06% were surgical site infections, 23.18% were associations of infections, 19.14% – respiratory tract infections. A patient with SPNI has an average of 22.25 days/bed spent in hospital, compared with the average for a patient without SPNI of 12.27 days/bed. The etiological structure includes 28 species of microorganisms including gram-positive (61.92%) and gram-negative (38.08%). Conclusions: Given the relatively high incidence of the SPNI and its impact, it is imperative to take more serious measures to prevent and control these infections

Conversion of Prevalence Survey Data on Nosocomial Infections to Incidence Estimates: A Simplified Tool for Surveillance?

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (05) ◽  
pp. 633-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Berthelot ◽  
Maud Garnier ◽  
Pascal Fascia ◽  
Stéphane Guyomarch ◽  
Richard Jospé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Over Time

We calculated the incidence of nosocomial infection in 2 intensive care units (ICUs) on the basis of prevalence data recorded from 1997 through 2002 and compared these estimates to cumulative incidences measured in the 2 ICUs during the same period to investigate the feasibility and the reliability of converting prevalence data to incidence estimates. Decreases in the calculated and measured incidences over time in the ICUs were found to be statistically significantly related.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document