scholarly journals Paternally Transmitted FMR1 Alleles Are Less Stable than Maternally Transmitted Alleles in the Common and Intermediate Size Range

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1532-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy K. Sullivan ◽  
Dana C. Crawford ◽  
Elizabeth H. Scott ◽  
Mary L. Leslie ◽  
Stephanie L. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Size Range ◽  
Intermediate Size ◽  
The Common

Taxonomy and distribution of bottlenose dolphins (genus Tursiops) in Australian waters: an osteological clarification

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 461-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jedensjö ◽  
C.M. Kemper ◽  
M. Milella ◽  
E.P. Willems ◽  
M. Krützen
Keyword(s):  
Bottlenose Dolphin ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Tursiops Aduncus ◽  
Common Bottlenose Dolphin ◽  
Intermediate Size ◽  
The Common ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

Species relationships in the bottlenose dolphin (genus Tursiops Gervais, 1855) are controversial. We carried out a comprehensive osteological study of 264 skulls, including type specimens, and 90 postcranial skeletons of Tursiops spp. to address taxonomic uncertainties in Australia using two-dimensional (2D) measurements, and three-dimensional geometric morphometrics (3DGM), tooth and vertebral counts, and categorical data. Analyses provided support for the presence of two forms, aligned to the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus (Ehrenberg, 1832)) and the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821)), including type specimens. The Burrunan dolphin (Tursiops australis Charlton-Robb, Gershwin, Thompson, Austin, Owen and McKechnie, 2011) fell well within T. truncatus for both 2D and 3DGM methods. Thirteen Tursiops spp. specimens, no T. australis specimens, were of intermediate size (2D) and could not be assigned to either species. For 3DGM data, there was a strong allometric influence and few non-allometric differences between species. Length and width of the cranium and rostrum were important discriminating variables. Tursiops aduncus was smaller, had more teeth, fewer vertebrae, and more erosion on the pterygoids and frontals than T. truncatus. Overall cranium shape was round in T. aduncus and angular in T. truncatus. Skull length of T. aduncus was smaller in low than in high latitudes. This study highlights the importance of large sample size, multiple analytical methods, and extensive geographical coverage when undertaking taxonomic studies.

Morphological channeling by structural constraint: convergence in styles of dwarfing and gigantism in Cerion, with a description of two new fossil species and a report on the discovery of the largest Cerion

Paleobiology ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Jay Gould
Keyword(s):  
Size Range ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Spiral Growth ◽  
Structural Constraint ◽  
Maximum Width ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Normal Number ◽  
The Common

A survey of all Cerion taxa and geographic variants reveals that a distinctive shape—a narrowly spired “smokestack” shell more than three times higher than wide—occurs only in dwarfs and giants and never in the much more common populations of normal size. The smokestack shape evolved once in giants (in the newly described species C. excelsior from Great Inagua and Mayaguana—the largest of all Cerion), but at least seven and probably eight times independently in dwarfs. A study of complex allometric patterns in Cerion's ontogeny, and of covariance sets in growth, indicates that smokestacks can easily evolve in dwarfs and giants by the common route of relative increase in whorl number during an allometric phase that adds height but no width to the shell. (Giants simply add more whorls to a shell with whorls of normal size; dwarfs grow a normal number of whorls in a shell with small whorls and reduced maximum width.) This pathway is not open to Cerion of normal size, and the restriction of smokestacks to both extremes of the size range records a channel set by Cerion's invariant allometries and the geometry of spiral growth in general, not an immediate adaptation conferring special advantages via the elevated spire itself.

THE CARDIAC OUTPUT OF FOUR FRESHWATER FISH

1943 ◽  
Vol 21d (4) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Ameiurus Nebulosus ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Amia Calva

The stroke output of the heart was determined by measurement of the amount of blood in the ventricle at systole and diastole in four species of fish, the bowfin, Amia calva L., the common sucker, Catostomus commersonii (Lacépède), the carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and the catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur).The stroke output varies with the size of the individual. Smaller individuals of a species, although possessing a smaller absolute output, have a larger output in relation to their size than do larger individuals.Over the size range at which they can be compared (300 to 600 gm.) the four species differ in their stroke output. The catfish has the highest output and the sucker the lowest. The bowfin and the carp are intermediate in this respect. At 500 gm., the outputs of the catfish, bowfin, carp, and sucker per stroke are respectively 0.26 gm., 0.22 gm., 0.18 gm., and 0.11 gm.The results of the present investigation were correlated with those of Black (Biol. Bull. 79: 215–229, 1940); the output of the heart was found to correlate inversely with the effect of carbon dioxide on the blood of the same species, and directly with the affinity of the blood for oxygen. Differences in the circulation may compensate for differences in oxygen transport imposed by the varying effects of carbon dioxide on the blood.

scholarly journals The Composition of the Blood of the Shore Crab, Carcinus Moenas Pennant, in Relation to Sex and Body Size

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-362
Author(s):  
A. B. GILBERT
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Common

1. The influence of sex and body weight on the concentration of sulphate and chloride ions in the blood of the common shore crab was investigated. 2. Blood chloride increased in both sexes until a maximum was reached at a weight of about 35 g.; thereafter it fell with increasing body weight. 3. Over the whole size range blood chloride was higher in females than in males. This difference was highly significant for animals over 35 g. body weight; below 35 g. however, there was no significant difference between the sexes. 4. Over a restricted size range blood sulphate of males was significantly higher than that of females. 5. Results of the present work have been discussed in relation to those reported earlier for conductivity and total O.P.

Infectivity of Himasthla spp. (Trematoda) in cockle (Cerastoderma edule) spat

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.Thomas Jensen ◽  
Nora Fernández Castro ◽  
Guy Bachelet
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Cerastoderma Edule ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Transmission Ecology ◽  
Parasite Infections ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Cockle ◽  
First Intermediate Host

The common cockle Cerastoderma edule is intermediate host to several species of digenean trematodes. However, little is known about the factors influencing the settlement of trematode larvae in cockles as well as their effects on the host. Aspects of the transmission ecology, behaviour and effects on juvenile host specimens of trematode larvae belonging to the genus Himasthla and utilizing mudsnails Hydrobia ulvae as their first intermediate host and various waterbirds as their definitive host have been studied. Cercariae of Himasthla spp. (more than 90% of the metacercariae were identified as H. continua post-experimentally) exhibited a host size-dependent selection within the host size range from 2 to 6 mm. Infection efficiency was reduced by the presence of substratum allowing cockles to burrow, suggesting that the foot and visceral region may be attacked by cercariae. No increased mortality due to parasite infections could be demonstrated within 5 d after infestation. The metacercariae within experimentally infected cockles were primarily located in the connective tissue within the foot and visceral region. Although some cockles were completely filled with metacercariae only small functional effects were detected, such as a slightly prolonged burrowing time of infected specimens.

Specific surface area and pore structure of allophanic soil clays

Clay Minerals ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Pore Structure ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Intermediate Size ◽  
Allophanic Soil

AbstractLow temperature nitrogen adsorption has been used to study the external and internal structure of a number of allophanic soil clays. The results indicate that allophane, in addition to having pores in the intermediate size range (2–10 nm radius), contains micropores of < 1 nm radius. The occurrence of hitherto unreported micropores in allophanic clays has necessitated re-evaluation of the validity of specific surface area measurements.

scholarly journals Structural order in ultrathin films of the monolayer protected clusters based upon 4 nm gold nanocrystals: an experimental and theoretical study

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (34) ◽  
pp. 18098-18104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabraj Bhattarai ◽  
Subarna Khanal ◽  
Daniel Bahena ◽  
Jimena A. Olmos-Asar ◽  
Arturo Ponce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrathin Films ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Gold Nanocrystals ◽  
Metallic Core ◽  
Structural Order ◽  
Monolayer Protected Clusters ◽  
Intermediate Size ◽  
Conventional Methods

The structural order in ultrathin films of monolayer protected clusters (MPCs) is important in a number of application areas but can be difficult to demonstrate by conventional methods, particularly when the metallic core dimension, d, is in the intermediate size-range, 1.5 < d < 5.0 nm.

Catalogue reduction techniques

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 389-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chr. de Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Measuring Process ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Observational Technique ◽  
The Common ◽  
Astrometric Data

AbstractReduction techniques as applied to astrometric data material tend to split up traditionally into at least two different classes according to the observational technique used, namely transit circle observations and photographic observations. Although it is not realized fully in practice at present, the application of a blockadjustment technique for all kind of catalogue reductions is suggested. The term blockadjustment shall denote in this context the common adjustment of the principal unknowns which are the positions, proper motions and certain reduction parameters modelling the systematic properties of the observational process. Especially for old epoch catalogue data we frequently meet the situation that no independent detailed information on the telescope properties and other instrumental parameters, describing for example the measuring process, is available from special calibration observations or measurements; therefore the adjustment process should be highly self-calibrating, that means: all necessary information has to be extracted from the catalogue data themselves. Successful applications of this concept have been made already in the field of aerial photogrammetry.

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