Low‐Density Graphite Grains and Mixing in Type II Supernovae

1999 ◽  
Vol 510 (1) ◽  
pp. 325-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Travaglio ◽  
Roberto Gallino ◽  
Sachiko Amari ◽  
Ernst Zinner ◽  
Stan Woosley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Density ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Density Graphite

scholarly journals Ability of Spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to Parasitize Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) after Switching Hosts

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 613
Author(s):  
Yuan Zheng ◽  
Zi-Wei Song ◽  
Yu-Ping Zhang ◽  
Dun-Song Li
Keyword(s):  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Emergence Time ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Spalangia Endius ◽  
Pupal Parasite ◽  
Density Population

We studied the parasitism capacity of Spalangia endius as a pupal parasite of Bactocera dorsalis after switching hosts. We used pupae of B. dorsalis and M. domestica as the hosts and studied parasitism by S. endius in the laboratory. The parasitism capacities were compared at different host densities and different parasitoid ages. The two functional responses of S. endius fitted a Holling Type II equation. More M. domestica were parasitized than B. dorsalis at all the densities. The ability of S. endius to control M. domestica was α/Th (parasitism capacity) = 32.1950, which was much stronger than that of control B. dorsalis, which was α/Th = 4.7380. The parasitism rate of wasps that had parasitized B. dorsalis had decreased by the emergence time of parasitoids. These results suggest that the parasitoid-pest ratio should be 1:25 to maintain a relatively stable parasitism rate for control of B. dorsalis. The S. endius colony reared on M. domestica successfully controlled a low-density population of B. dorsalis in the lab. We provide evidence suggesting that the parasitism capacity of S. endius needs to be improved.

scholarly journals Maternal loading with very low-density lipoproteins stimulates fetal surfactant synthesis

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (2) ◽  
pp. L310-L318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Ryan ◽  
Jheem D. Medh ◽  
Diann M. McCoy ◽  
Ronald G. Salome ◽  
Rama K. Mallampalli
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Low Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial Cells ◽  
Type Ii Cells ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Very Low Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Pregnant Rat ◽  
Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice

We examined whether administration of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) to pregnant rats increases surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) content in fetal pre-type II alveolar epithelial cells. VLDL-triglycerides are hydrolyzed to fatty acids by lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an enzyme activated by heparin. Fatty acids released by LPL can incorporate into the PtdCho molecule or activate the key biosynthetic enzyme cytidylyltransferase (CCT). Dams were given BSA, heparin, VLDL, or VLDL with heparin intravenously. Radiolabeled VLDL given to the pregnant rat crossed the placenta and was distributed systemically in the fetus and incorporated into disaturated PtdCho (DSPtdCho) in pre-type II cells. Maternal administration of VLDL with heparin increased DSPtdCho content in cells by 45% compared with control ( P < 0.05). VLDL produced a dose-dependent, saturable, and selective increase in CCT activity. VLDL did not significantly alter immunoreactive CCT content but increased palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids in pre-type II cells. Furthermore, hypertriglyceridemic apolipoprotein E knockout mice contained significantly greater levels of DSPtdCho content in alveolar lavage and CCT activity compared with either LDL receptor knockout mice or wild-type controls that have normal serum triglycerides. Thus the nutritional or genetic modulation of serum VLDL-triglycerides provides specific fatty acids that stimulate PtdCho synthesis and CCT activity thereby increasing surfactant content.

Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) genotype and activity and in vivo oxidized plasma low-density lipoprotein in Type II diabetes

2005 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike J. Sampson ◽  
Simon Braschi ◽  
Gavin Willis ◽  
Sian B. Astley
Keyword(s):  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Ldl Oxidation ◽  
Phenyl Acetate ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Type Ii

The HDL (high-density lipoprotein)-associated enzyme PON (paraoxonase)-1 protects LDL (low-density lipoprotein) from oxidative modification in vitro, although it is unknown if this anti-atherogenic action occurs in vivo. In a cross-sectional study of 58 Type II diabetic subjects and 50 controls, we examined the fasting plasma LDL basal conjugated diene concentration [a direct measurement of circulating oxLDL (oxidatively modified LDL)], lipoprotein particle size by NMR spectroscopy, PON-1 polymorphisms (coding region polymorphisms Q192R and L55M, and gene promoter polymorphisms −108C/T and −162G/A), PON activity (with paraoxon or phenyl acetate as the substrates) and dietary antioxidant intake. Plasma oxLDL concentrations were higher in Type II diabetic patients (males, P=0.048; females, P=0.009) and unrelated to NMR lipoprotein size, PON-1 polymorphisms or PON activity (with paraoxon as the substrate) in any group. In men with Type II diabetes, however, there was a direct relationship between oxLDL concentrations and PON activity (with phenyl acetate as the substrate; r=0.611, P=0.0001) and an atherogenic NMR lipid profile in those who were PON-1 55LL homozygotes. Circulating oxLDL concentrations in vivo were unrelated to PON-1 genotypes or activity, except in male Type II diabetics where there was a direct association between PON activity (with phenyl acetate as the substrate) and oxLDL levels. These in vivo data contrast with in vitro data, and may be due to confounding by dietary fat intake. Male Type II diabetic subjects with PON-1 55LL homozygosity have an atherogenic NMR lipid profile independent of LDL oxidation. These data do not support an in vivo action of PON on LDL oxidation.

PEDIATRIC FAMILIAL TYPE II HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA: THERAPY WITH DIET AND CHOLESTYRAMINE RESIN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-679
Author(s):  
C. J. Glueck ◽  
R. Fallat ◽  
R. Tsang
Keyword(s):  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Drug Adherence ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Familial Type ◽  
Low Cholesterol

Effects of a low cholesterol (&lt;300 mg/day), polyunsaturate rich (P:S 1.5/1) diet and cholestyramine (12 gm active resin/day) were studied in 36 children with familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia. In 11 children after six months on diet alone, cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) were reduced to normal levels. Twenty of the 25 children whose cholesterol and LDL remained elevated on diet received 12 gm of cholestyramine per day in addition to diet. Ten of these 20 children had good drug adherence. Cholesterol and LDL cholesterol fell to normal or near normal levels in six of these ten children on cholestyramine and diet for 6 and 12 months. Ten of the 20 children had fair drug adherence (8 gm of cholestyramine taken per day) and none sustained notable decrements in cholesterol or LDL after 6 and 12 months of cholestyramine and diet. Overall, there were reductions of LDL cholesterol to normal or near normal levels in 11 of 38 children (31%) with diet alone, and in six of ten children (60%) with diet and added cholestyramine.

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