Growth Form and Reproductive Effort in Goldenrods (Solidago, Compositae)

1973 ◽  
Vol 107 (957) ◽  
pp. 651-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren G. Abrahamson ◽  
Madhav Gadgil
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Growth Form

Reproductive effort and phenology of seed production of savanna grasses with different growth form and life history

Vegetatio ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Veenendaal ◽  
W. H. O. Ernst ◽  
G. S. Modise
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Growth Form

Population variation in Plantago major from southern Ontario

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2846-2856 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Warwick ◽  
J. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Distinct Group ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Plantago Major ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Growth Features ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The morphological variation and growth and flowering responses in 15 populations of Plantago major collected from different climatic regions and habitat types in southern Ontario were examined. Both within- and between-population differences were assessed using canonical variates analyses. These were carried out on data obtained from field-collected specimens, and from plants grown from seed for a 2-year period in a standard garden trial. Four groupings of the 15 population samples were recognized in the field data. These included the two lawn populations, 8 and 15; population 14, collected from a cultivated field; population 9, originating from a nonmown wasteground site; and the remaining populations collected from a range of trampled roadside – waste ground sites. Analyses of the garden trial data indicated similar groupings. Population 14 remained a distinct group containing individuals characterized by long narrow leaves, a semiprostrate growth form, earlier flowering, greater reproductive effort, reduced rosette production, a larger number of seeds per capsule, and smaller seeds. These individuals would appear to correspond to ssp. pleiosperma. The remaining population samples were characterized by a smaller number of seeds per capsule, larger seeds, a smaller reproductive effort, and later flowering and they would appear to be referable to ssp. major. The two lawn populations, 8 and 15, contained the largest number of prostrate individuals, which were smaller in size and produced less biomass than individuals in the remaining populations. The latter group consisted of large erect plants which produced considerable floral and vegetative growth. There was no evidence for clinal patterns of variation in flowering behaviour and growth features in relation to the climatic gradients in southern Ontario among the 15 populations of P. major.

High Reproductive Effort and Low Recruitment Rates of European Beech: Is There a Limit for the Superior Competitor?

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Szwagrzyk ◽  
Georg Gratzer ◽  
Hanna Stępniewska ◽  
Janusz Szewczyk ◽  
Bojana Veselinovic
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
European Beech ◽  
High Reproductive Effort

Herbicide Tolerance Of Transgenic `Stevens' Cranberry Plants Depends on the Test Environment

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 517a-517
Author(s):  
Eric L. Zeldin ◽  
Rodney A. Serres ◽  
Brent H. McCown
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Test Environment ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Delayed Growth ◽  
Significant Injury

`Stevens' cranberry was genetically engineered to confer tolerance to the broad spectrum herbicide glufosinate. Initially, herbicide tolerance was verified by spraying greenhouse plants with the commercial formulation Liberty. Although one transformant showed significant tolerance, the tolerance level was below that required to kill goldenrod, a common weed of cranberry beds. This transformant was propagated and the plants established outdoors in a coldframe, yielding a growth form more typical of field-grown plants than that of greenhouse-grown plants. These plants, as well as untransformed cranberry and goldenrod plants, were sprayed with various levels of the herbicide. The transformed plants were not killed at glufosinate concentrations up to 1000 ppm, although delayed growth did occur. Some runner tip injury was observed at 500 ppm as well as widespread shoot tip death at higher levels. The above-ground parts of goldenrod plants were killed at 400 ppm with significant injury at 200 ppm. Untransformed cranberry plants were killed at 300 ppm and had extensive tip death even at 100 ppm. Transformed cranberry plants with confirmed “field” tolerance were re-established in the greenhouse and new vegetative growth was forced. When these plants were sprayed with glufosinate, significant shoot tip injury was observed at levels as low as 100 ppm. The degree of herbicide tolerance of transformed cranberry appears to be modulated by the growth environment, which may affect the expression of the inserted genes or the physiological sensitivity of the impacted tissues.

Form and Function of Mediterranean Shrublands

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen J. Esler ◽  
Anna L. Jacobsen ◽  
R. Brandon Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Adaptive Traits ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Leaf Type ◽  
Evergreen Shrub ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
And Function

The archetypal shrub type that dominates most of the regions that experience mediterranean-type climate (MTC) is an evergreen shrub with thick and leathery leaves (sclerophyllous). The occurrence of large stands of such shrubs in all MTC regions led early biogeographers to hypothesize that the MTC selects for this growth form and leaf type and that this had led to convergent evolution (see Chapters 1 and 2). This hypothesis has received considerable research interest and continues to be examined. In this chapter we consider the structure and physiology of these archetypal MTC region shrub species and examine evidence for convergent evolution in their structure and function. We also assess the key adaptive traits that enable the shrub species that compose mediterranean-type vegetation (MTV) communities to thrive in MTC regions.

scholarly journals Integrating dark diversity and functional traits to enhance nature conservation of epiphytic lichens: a case study from Northern Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Pires Ferraz Trindade ◽  
Meelis Pärtel ◽  
Carlos Pérez Carmona ◽  
Tiina Randlane ◽  
Juri Nascimbene
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Epiphytic Lichens ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
High Elevations ◽  
Harsh Conditions

AbstractMountains provide a timely opportunity to examine the potential effects of climate change on biodiversity. However, nature conservation in mountain areas have mostly focused on the observed part of biodiversity, not revealing the suitable but absent species—dark diversity. Dark diversity allows calculating the community completeness, indicating whether sites should be restored (low completeness) or conserved (high completeness). Functional traits can be added, showing what groups should be focused on. Here we assessed changes in taxonomic and functional observed and dark diversity of epiphytic lichens along elevational transects in Northern Italy spruce forests. Eight transects (900–1900 m) were selected, resulting in 48 plots and 240 trees, in which lichens were sampled using four quadrats per tree (10 × 50 cm). Dark diversity was estimated based on species co-occurrence (Beals index). We considered functional traits related to growth form, photobiont type and reproductive strategy. Linear and Dirichlet regressions were used to examine changes in taxonomic metrics and functional traits along gradient. Our results showed that all taxonomic metrics increased with elevation and functional traits of lichens differed between observed and dark diversity. At low elevations, due to low completeness and harsh conditions, both restoration and conservation activities are needed, focusing on crustose species. Towards high elevations, conservation is more important to prevent species pool losses, focusing on macrolichens, lichens with Trentepohlia and sexual reproduction. Finally, dark diversity and functional traits provide a novel tool to enhance nature conservation, indicating particular threatened groups, creating windows of opportunities to protect species from both local and regional extinctions.

scholarly journals Within-Site Variability of Liana Wood Anatomical Traits: A Case Study in Laussat, French Guiana

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félicien Meunier ◽  
Sruthi M. Krishna Moorthy ◽  
Hannes P. T. De Deurwaerder ◽  
Robin Kreus ◽  
Jan Van den Bulcke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Hydraulic Architecture ◽  
Woody Vines ◽  
Wood Trait ◽  
The Individual

Research Highlights: We investigated the variability of vessel diameter distributions within the liana growth form among liana individuals originating from a single site in Laussat, French Guiana. Background and Objectives: Lianas (woody vines) are key components of tropical forests. Lianas are believed to be strong competitors for water, thanks to their presumed efficient vascular systems. However, unlike tropical trees, lianas are overlooked in field data collection. As a result, lianas are often referred to as a homogeneous growth form while little is known about the hydraulic architecture variation among liana individuals. Materials and Methods: We measured several wood hydraulic and structural traits (e.g., basic specific gravity, vessel area, and vessel diameter distribution) of 22 liana individuals in a single sandy site in Laussat, French Guiana. We compared the liana variability of these wood traits and the correlations among them with an existing liana pantropical dataset and two published datasets of trees originating from different, but species-rich, tropical sites. Results: Liana vessel diameter distribution and density were heterogeneous among individuals: there were two orders of magnitude difference between the smallest (4 µm) and the largest (494 µm) vessel diameters, a 50-fold difference existed between extreme vessel densities ranging from 1.8 to 89.3 vessels mm−2, the mean vessel diameter varied between 26 µm and 271 µm, and the individual theoretical stem hydraulic conductivity estimates ranged between 28 and 1041 kg m−1 s−1 MPa−1. Basic specific gravity varied between 0.26 and 0.61. Consequently, liana wood trait variability, even within a small sample, was comparable in magnitude with tree surveys from other tropical sites and the pantropical liana dataset. Conclusions: This study illustrates that even controlling for site and soil type, liana traits are heterogeneous and cannot be considered as a homogeneous growth form. Our results show that the liana hydraulic architecture heterogeneity across and within sites warrants further investigation in order to categorize lianas into functional groups in the same way as trees

Seed provenance determines germination responses of Rumex crispus (L.) under water stress and nutrient availability

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 949-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Pérez-Fernández ◽  
Carole P Elliott ◽  
Alex Valentine ◽  
José Antonio Oyola
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Rumex Crispus ◽  
Reciprocal Transplantation ◽  
Transplantation Experiment ◽  
Germination Trial ◽  
Western Spain

Abstract Aims Seeds of Rumex crispus from six provenances were studied in relation to their germination under drought and presence of nitrogen in the germination and emergence media. We also investigated whether adaptation to soil increases the ability of the species to colonize and establish in contrasting environments along a longitudinal gradient in western Spain by means of a reciprocal transplantation experiment. Methods We conducted a germination trial in the lab to test for the germination responses to water scarcity along a polyethylene glycol gradient and to varying concentrations of nitrogen compounds. Simultaneously reciprocal transplantations experiment was conducted, where seeds from six provenances were grown in the soils from the very same provenances. Seedling emergence, survivorship and fitness-related variables were measured in all plots. Important Findings We found that R. crispus has a cold-stratification requirement that enhances its germination. Significant differences between the six provenances were detected for time-to-germination, total seedling emergence, plant mortality and reproductive effort in all the experiments. The differences between provenances with respect to germination were confirmed by the significant statistical analyses of the variance, thus providing evidence that seeds from parent plants grown in different environmental conditions have an intrinsically different abilities to germinate and establish. Soil nitrogen content where seed germination and seedlings establish also play an important role in their performance in terms of survivorship and reproduction, being the higher levels of inorganic nitrogen and of microbial biomass those that increased biomass production, enhanced inflorescence formation and reduced plant mortality. We conclude that one of the main reasons for the spread and maintenance of R. crispus would be the increased levels of nitrogen in agricultural soils.

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