scholarly journals STUDIES ON HERPETIC INFECTION IN MICE

1943 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Packer Berry ◽  
Howard B. Slavin
Keyword(s):  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Herpetic Infection ◽  
Suckling Mice ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
Intranasal Instillation ◽  
Swiss Strain ◽  
Immune Rabbit

Passive immunity, naturally acquired from immune mothers or artificially induced through the administration of immune rabbit serum, conferred on suckling mice of the albino Swiss strain a high degree of resistance against herpetic infection following the intranasal instillation of the virus. Antibodies, which could be readily demonstrated in the blood of 2-week-old mice, were received by the offspring of immune mothers primarily by the mammary route. Naturally acquired immunity declined rapidly when suckling was interrupted. Herpes virus was not recovered from the fetuses of either immune or infected, non-immune mothers.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON HERPETIC INFECTION IN MICE

1946 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 429-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Evans ◽  
Howard B. Slavin ◽  
George Packer Berry
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Herpetic Infection ◽  
Focus Of Infection ◽  
System 2 ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Foot Pad ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
Hyperimmune Rabbit

Two-week-old mice inoculated with herpes virus on the pad of a hind foot regularly developed paralysis of the infected limb followed by paraplegia and encephalitis terminating fatally 5 or 6 days after inoculation. Hyperimmune rabbit serum given intraperitoneally at the time virus was inoculated on the foot pad prevented the formation of an herpetic lesion of the foot pad. When the antiserum was given 12 hours after inoculation of the virus, a typical infection of the epithelium of the foot pad developed, but the virus was prevented from causing obvious signs of infection of the nervous system in many of the animals. Amputation of the foot 2 hours after the inoculation of the virus prevented the paralysis of the hind leg. Some of the mice died of a delayed encephalitis. Amputation of the foot at 24 hours neither prevented nor delayed the sequence of paralysis of the hind leg, encephalitis, and death. In order to study immune serum therapy of an infection of the nervous system uncomplicated by a peripheral focus of infection or by traumatic disturbance of the central nervous system, 2-week-old mice were inoculated on the foot pad, the infected feet were amputated 24 hours later, and the immune serum was administered at varying intervals thereafter. Using litter mate controls and statistically significant numbers of mice, it was shown that hyperimmune rabbit serum, administered during the first one-third of the incubation period, retards and, in some cases, arrests the progress of herpetic infection within the nervous system.

scholarly journals FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHENOMENA ENCOUNTERED IN ATTEMPTING TO TRANSMIT VARICELLA TO RABBITS

1924 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 777-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Rivers ◽  
William S. Tillett
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Vesicle Fluid ◽  
Immune Rabbit

1. The intradermal method of inoculating Virus III, a hitherto unknown filterable virus producing lesions in rabbits, gives more reliable results than those obtained by smearing the virus on the scarified skin. 2. Virus III, heated 10 minutes at 55°C., will not produce visible reactions in the skin of rabbits. 3. Virus III passes through Berkefeld N and V filters. 4. The data obtained so far indicate that the best method of preserving Virus III in an active state is to filter the testicular emulsions containing the virus, add glycerol to the filtrate up to 40 per cent of the total volume, seal with vaseline, and store on ice. 5. Viable Virus III produces a definite immunity in rabbits which persists for at least 6 months. The immunity follows intradermal, intratesticular, intravenous, intracerebral, or intranasal inoculations of the virus. 6. A single intradermal injection of Virus III, which has been killed by heat, will not produce a demonstrable immunity in rabbits. 7. No passive immunity to Virus III could be demonstrated in rabbits which had received intravenous injections of 5 to 10 cc. of immune rabbit serum 24 hours previously. 8. Immune rabbit serum neutralizes Virus III either in vitro, or locally in a rabbit's skin when the immune serum and the virus are injected into the same part of the skin at or about the same time. 9. Three strains of the virus under investigation are immunologically identical. 10. Virus III and vaccine virus are immunologically distinct. 11. Virus III and the virus of symptomatic herpes are immunologically distinct. 12. No passive immunity to Virus III could be demonstrated in rabbits which had received intravenous injections of 5 to 10 cc. of serum or whole blood from patients convalescent from varicella. 13. Sera from two normal adults and from fourteen patients convalescent from varicella did not neutralize Virus III in vitro. 14. Rabbits could not be actively immunized against Virus III by injections of whole blood, vesicle fluid, or nasal washings from patients with varicella. 15. Four of twenty sera collected from stock rabbits of different ages, 20 per cent, neutralized Virus III in vitro. The animals whose sera neutralized Virus III failed to show a reaction at the site of intradermal inoculations with the same virus. About 15 per cent of 200 young stock rabbits (1,800 gm.) used in routine transfers were found to be refractory to Virus III, as evidenced by a failure to react to intradermal inoculations of the virus. 16. No susceptibility to Virus III was observed in guinea pigs, mice, or monkeys. 17. A volunteer who had never suffered from varicella experienced no general reaction and only a mild local one following an intradermal inoculation of Virus III. A volunteer who had had chicken-pox in childhood experienced a moderate general action, viz., fever, headache, backache, and general malaise, and also a moderate local reaction, viz., redness, swelling, tenderness, and pain, following an intradermal inoculation of Virus III. 18. The study of the immunological reactions has failed to bring any evidence that the virus under investigation bears an etiologic relationship to varicella.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON HERPETIC INFECTION IN MICE

1943 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard B. Slavin ◽  
George Packer Berry
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Herpes Virus ◽  
Herpetic Infection ◽  
Suckling Mice ◽  
Direct Spread ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Herpès Virus ◽  
Renal Infection ◽  
Intranasal Instillation

Intranasal instillation of herpes virus in suckling mice results in specific lesions widely distributed in the viscera. The lungs are infected by aspiration of the virus. Virus disseminated by way of the blood establishes itself in endothelium in certain situations where parenchymal lesions result by direct spread from the vascular foci. Evidence of blood-borne infection was found frequently in the liver and spleen, less frequently in the suprarenals, and, in one instance, in the bone marrow. Renal infection appeared to be uriniferous. Lymph carriage of the virus also occurs, and lymph nodes draining infected areas were often found to contain herpetic inclusion bodies. Herpes virus seems incapable of invading the central nervous system of suckling mice by the vascular route.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON A NEW PREPARATION OF TYPE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE FROM PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I

1936 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bacon F. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Type I ◽  
Specific Polysaccharide ◽  
Immune Rabbit ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

A type specific polysaccharide has been isolated from the autolyzed broth of Type I Pneumococcus by a modified Avery and Goebel's method. The newly prepared polysaccharide reacts with the homologous immune rabbit serum which has been completely absorbed with the acetyl polysaccharide of Avery and Goebel. The newly prepared polysaccharide produces passive immunity in mice and rats and possibly in rabbits. The antigenicity is not lost on boiling in acid or alkaline medium, but the precipitative activity is decreased. In conclusion, it has been shown that the polysaccharide from Type I Pneumococcus, as isolated by a slight modification of Avery and Goebel's method, is a more complete antigen.

Artifact-free electron microscopic immunocytochemistry on rat brain tissue

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
Veronika Burmeister ◽  
N. Ludvig ◽  
P.C. Jobe
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Ultrastructural Localization ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Electron Microscopic Immunocytochemistry ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
Rat Brain Tissue ◽  
Immune Rabbit

Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry provides an important tool to determine the ultrastructural distribution of various molecules in both normal and pathologic tissues. However, the specific immunostaining may be obscured by artifactual immunoreaction product, misleading the investigator. Previous observations show that shortening the incubation period with the primary antibody from the generally used 12-24 hours to 1 hour substantially reduces the artifactual immunostaining. We now extend this finding by the demonstration of artifact-free ultrastructural localization of the Ca2/calmodulindependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CaM-dependent PDE) immunoreactivity in brain.Anesthetized rats were perfused transcardially with phosphate-buffered saline followed by a fixative containing paraformaldehyde (4%) and glutaraldehyde (0.25%) in PBS. The brains were removed, and 40μm sections were cut with a vibratome. The sections were processed for immunocytochemistry as described by Ludvig et al. Both non-immune rabbit serum and specific CaM-dependent PDE antibodies were used. In both experiments incubations were at one hour and overnight. The immunostained sections were processed for electron microscopic examination.

scholarly journals Fertility of mice receiving vitrified adult mouse ovaries

Reproduction ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshio Hani ◽  
Takanori Tachibe ◽  
Saburo Shingai ◽  
Nobuo Kamada ◽  
Otoya Ueda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Green Fluorescence Protein ◽  
Green Fluorescence ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Immature Mouse ◽  
Estrous Cyclicity ◽  
Fluorescence Protein ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Old Mice

Cryopreservation of the ovaries is a useful technology for preservation of germ cells from experimental animals, because if the female founder is infertile or has mutated mitochondrial DNA, preservation of female germ cells is necessary. Although it is possible to cryopreserve immature mouse ovaries with a high degree of viability by vitrification with a mixture of several cryoprotectants, the viability of cryopreserved adult mouse ovaries is still unknown. Here, we investigated the viability of mouse ovaries at various ages after cryopreservation by vitrification techniques. Donor ovaries were collected from 10-day-, 4-week-, 10-week- and 7-month-old, female, nulliparous, green fluorescence protein (GFP)-transgenic mice and cryopreserved by vitrification. The vitrified-warmed ovaries were orthotopically transplanted to 4- or 10-week-old mice. GFP-positive pups were obtained in all experimental groups. In the 4-week-old recipients, the percentages of GFP-positive pups among the total pups from recipients transplanted with ovaries of 10-day-, 4-week-, 10-week- and 7-month-old donors were 44%, 9%, 12% and 4% respectively. In the 10-week-old recipients, the percentages of GFP-positive pups among the total pups from recipients transplanted with ovaries of 10-day-, 4-week-, 10-week- and 7-month-old donors were 36%, 16%, 2% and 9% respectively. Furthermore, GFP-positive pups also were obtained from recipients transplanted with ovaries of donors without normal estrous cyclicity. Our results indicate that cryopreservation of mouse ovaries by vitrification is a useful method for the preservation of female germ cells from mice of various ages.

Interference with the uptake of guinea-pig agglutinins in mice due to fractions of papain hydrolyzed rabbit γ-globulin

1963 ◽  
Vol 157 (967) ◽  
pp. 160-169 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Specific Receptor ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Suckling Mice ◽  
Absorptive Cells ◽  
Mouse Cells ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
To Receive

Antibodies from immune serum ingested by suckling mice and rats may enter into their circulations. The normal sera of certain species, when mixed with the immune serum administered, reduce the entry of antibodies. This effect was called interference. Interference with the uptake of guinea-pig agglutinins in mice due to rabbit serum and γ-globulin and to fragments I, II and III of rabbit γ-globulin, fractionated by the digestion method of Porter, is investigated. The effect of rabbit serum is due mostly, if not wholly, to its γ-globulin. Interference due to fragments I and II is negligible, whereas interference due to fragment III is at least 3.5 times greater than that due to the whole γ-globulin molecule. It is concluded that most of the configurations of the whole rabbit γ-globulin molecule which are recognized by mouse cells as heterologous are carried on fragment III. A hypothesis, which postulates a specific receptor within absorptive cells concerned with the transmission of antibodies across the gut of some young rodents, is discussed in the light of these results, when it is suggested that the receptor may be better adapted to receive the species-specific parts of antibody molecules rather than the residual or antibody reactive parts.

scholarly journals ENHANCED PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION IN RABBITS

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Gay ◽  
A. R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cell Mobilization ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Pleural Exudate

The experimental work herein reported tends to justify our hypothesis recently expressed, that the common failure of antibacterial serums to combat active infections when passively transferred to a normal animal, is due not so much to a lack of suitable or sufficient antibodies as to absence of cell preparation or mobilization in the recipient. In the case of experimental streptococcus empyema in the rabbit the course of the ordinarily fatal infection is in no wise affected by the transfer of the pleural fluid containing large numbers of mononuclear cells derived from an animal that is itself protected as a result of a non-specific irritation. The serum of a rabbit highly immunized against the streptococcus and containing antibodies for it, produces relatively slight effect in prevention or cure. In contrast to this the pleural exudate, either acute (polymorphonuclear) or subacute (mononuclear), produced in an actively immunized animal does protect passively to a considerable degree. In a similar fashion normal exudate cells of either type in combination with the relatively ineffective antiserum give a high degree of protection. It remains for further analysis to determine whether this form of passive immunity by antiserum enhanced by the addition of cells depends on the vital properties of the cells transferred or on their stimulation to cell mobilization in the recipient. And furthermore the extent to which this enhanced passive immunity may be effective in cure, and whether the cure is applicable to local or to both local and generalized infection remains to be seen.

scholarly journals The route of antibodies passing from the maternal to the foetal circulation in rabbits

1949 ◽  
Vol 136 (882) ◽  
pp. 131-144 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Uterine Lumen ◽  
Foetal Circulation ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
Immune Rabbit ◽  
Foetal Blood

It has long been known that maternal circulating antibodies pass into the foetal blood in rabbits during the latter half of pregnancy. The allanto-chorionic placenta has been assumed to be the site of this transference, the number of tissues separating the two blood streams being reduced to a minimum in rabbits at these stages. It was shown in a recent paper that, at a stage before the establishment of the embryonic circulation, maternal circulating antibodies pass the bilaminar omphalopleur into the yolk-sac cavity. It is shown in this paper that in 24-day embryos antibodies pass from the maternal circulation by way of the uterine lumen and the yolk-sac splanchnopleur into the foetal vitelline circulation, and do not pass by way of the allanto-chorionic placenta. The method employed involved injection of immune rabbit serum either into the uterine lumen or the maternal blood and interruption of the foetal vitelline circulation of some of the embryos by ligaturing the yolk-sac stalk.

Antibodies to meningococcal H.8 (Lip) antigen fail to show bactericidal activity

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apurba K. Bhattacharjee ◽  
Elizabeth E. Moran ◽  
Wendell D. Zollinger
Keyword(s):  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Meningococcal Vaccine ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Group B ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Sepharose 4B ◽  
Immune Rabbit

Purified H.8 (Lip) antigen was coupled to tresyl-activated Sepharose 4B and used in affinity columns to purify anti-Lip antibodies from convalescent patient sera and from immune rabbit sera. Affinity-purified anti-Lip antibodies isolated from two convalescent patient sera contained 1000 and 1280 ELISA units of antibody and included antibodies of IgG, IgA, and IgM isotypes. An anti-Lip mouse monoclonal ascites (2-1-CA2) had 28 400 ELISA units of antibody. Bactericidal assays were performed using three different case strains of Neisseria meningitidis group B, namely 44/76, 8532, and 8047. Neither preparation of purified human anti-Lip antibodies had detectable bactericidal activity against strains 44/76 and 8532, but one of the two had a titer of 1:4 against strain 8047. Anti-Lip antibodies that were purified from immune rabbit serum and contained 1600 ELISA units of anti-Lip antibodies also failed to show detectable bactericidal activity. The rabbits were immunized with purified Lip antigen and showed specific antibody levels of 2000–2200 units by ELISA, but even the unfractionated sera had little or no bactericidal activity against the test strains. The high titer mouse monoclonal ascites had no bactericidal activity against the test strains. The poor bactericidal activity associated with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to the Lip antigen suggest that in spite of other attractive properties it may not be useful as a meningococcal vaccine. Key words: anti-Lip, antibodies, bactericidal, Neisseria, Lip.

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