scholarly journals A SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF SPECIFIC TYPES OF BOVINE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI (GROUP B)

1934 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Lancefield
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Physical Relationship ◽  
Output Increase ◽  
Streptococci Group B ◽  
Maximal Output ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Bile Cholesterol ◽  
Group B

Under uniform diet conditions the normal bile fistula dog will eliminate pretty constant amounts of cholesterol—about 0.5 to 1.0 mg. cholesterol per kilo per 24 hours. Diets rich in cholesterol (egg yolk) will raise the cholesterol output in the bile but compared to the diet intake (1.5 gm. cholesterol) the output increase in the bile is trivial (5–15 mg.). Calves' brains in the diet are inert. Bile salt alone will raise the cholesterol output in the bile as much and often more than a cholesterol rich diet. Bile salt plus egg yolk plus whole bile give maximal output figures for bile cholesterol—60 mg. per 24 hours. Liver injury (chloroform) decreases both bile salt and cholesterol elimination in the bile. Blood destruction (hydrazine) fails to increase the bile cholesterol output and this eliminates the red cell stroma as an important contributing factor. Certain cholagogues (isatin and decholin) will increase the bile flow but cause no change in cholesterol elimination. The ratio of cholesterol to bile salt in the bile normally is about 1 to 100 but the bile salts are more labile in their fluctuations. The ratio is about reversed in the circulating blood plasma where the cholesterol is high (150–300 mg. per cent) and the bile salt concentration very low. Cholesterol runs so closely parallel to bile salt in the bile that one may feel confident of a physical relationship. In addition there is a suspicion that the bile cholesterol is in some obscure fashion linked with the physiological activity of hepatic epithelium.

scholarly journals II. BILE CHOLESTEROL

1934 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Wright ◽  
George H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Physical Relationship ◽  
Output Increase ◽  
Bile Fistula ◽  
Maximal Output ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Bile Cholesterol

Under uniform diet conditions the normal bile fistula dog will eliminate pretty constant amounts of cholesterol—about 0.5 to 1.0 mg. cholesterol per kilo per 24 hours. Diets rich in cholesterol (egg yolk) will raise the cholesterol output in the bile but compared to the diet intake (1.5 gm. cholesterol) the output increase in the bile is trivial (5–15 mg.). Calves' brains in the diet are inert. Bile salt alone will raise the cholesterol output in the bile as much and often more than a cholesterol rich diet. Bile salt plus egg yolk plus whole bile give maximal output figures for bile cholesterol—60 mg. per 24 hours. Liver injury (chloroform) decreases both bile salt and cholesterol elimination in the bile. Blood destruction (hydrazine) fails to increase the bile cholesterol output and this eliminates the red cell stroma as an important contributing factor. Certain cholagogues (isatin and decholin) will increase the bile flow but cause no change in cholesterol elimination. The ratio of cholesterol to bile salt in the bile normally is about 1 to 100 but the bile salts are more labile in their fluctuations. The ratio is about reversed in the circulating blood plasma where the cholesterol is high (150–300 mg. per cent) and the bile salt concentration very low. Cholesterol runs so closely parallel to bile salt in the bile that one may feel confident of a physical relationship. In addition there is a suspicion that the bile cholesterol is in some obscure fashion linked with the physiological activity of hepatic epithelium.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER

1934 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Zinsser ◽  
M. Ruiz Castaneda
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Physical Relationship ◽  
Output Increase ◽  
Bile Fistula ◽  
Maximal Output ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Bile Cholesterol ◽  
Typhus Fever

Under uniform diet conditions the normal bile fistula dog will eliminate pretty constant amounts of cholesterol—about 0.5 to 1.0 mg. cholesterol per kilo per 24 hours. Diets rich in cholesterol (egg yolk) will raise the cholesterol output in the bile but compared to the diet intake (1.5 gm. cholesterol) the output increase in the bile is trivial (5–15 mg.). Calves' brains in the diet are inert. Bile salt alone will raise the cholesterol output in the bile as much and often more than a cholesterol rich diet. Bile salt plus egg yolk plus whole bile give maximal output figures for bile cholesterol—60 mg. per 24 hours. Liver injury (chloroform) decreases both bile salt and cholesterol elimination in the bile. Blood destruction (hydrazine) fails to increase the bile cholesterol output and this eliminates the red cell stroma as an important contributing factor. Certain cholagogues (isatin and decholin) will increase the bile flow but cause no change in cholesterol elimination. The ratio of cholesterol to bile salt in the bile normally is about 1 to 100 but the bile salts are more labile in their fluctuations. The ratio is about reversed in the circulating blood plasma where the cholesterol is high (150–300 mg. per cent) and the bile salt concentration very low. Cholesterol runs so closely parallel to bile salt in the bile that one may feel confident of a physical relationship. In addition there is a suspicion that the bile cholesterol is in some obscure fashion linked with the physiological activity of hepatic epithelium.

scholarly journals Multiparametric Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting for the Assessment of Viable, Injured, and Dead Bifidobacterium Cells during Bile Salt Stress

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 5209-5216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaouther Ben Amor ◽  
Pieter Breeuwer ◽  
Patrick Verbaarschot ◽  
Frank M. Rombouts ◽  
Antoon D. L. Akkermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Cell Sorting ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Multiparameter Flow Cytometry ◽  
Bifidobacterium Adolescentis ◽  
Multiparametric Flow Cytometry ◽  
Plate Counts

ABSTRACT Using a flow cytometry-based approach, we assessed the viability of Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 10140 and Bifidobacterium adolescentis DSM 20083 during exposure to bile salt stress. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate (cFDA), propidium iodide (PI), and oxonol [DiBAC4(3)] were used to monitor esterase activity, membrane integrity, and membrane potential, respectively, as indicators of bacterial viability. Single staining with these probes rapidly and noticeably reflected the behavior of the two strains during stress exposure. However, the flow cytometry results tended to overestimate the viability of the two strains compared to plate counts, which appeared to be related to the nonculturability of a fraction of the population as a result of sublethal injury caused by bile salts. When the cells were simultaneously stained with cFDA and PI, flow cytometry and cell sorting revealed a striking physiological heterogeneity within the stressed bifidobacterium population. Three subpopulations could be identified based on their differential uptake of the probes: cF-stained, cF and PI double-stained, and PI-stained subpopulations, representing viable, injured, and dead cells, respectively. Following sorting and recovery, a significant fraction of the double-stained subpopulation (40%) could resume growth on agar plates. Our results show that in situ assessment of the physiological activity of stressed bifidobacteria using multiparameter flow cytometry and cell sorting may provide a powerful and sensitive tool for assessment of the viability and stability of probiotics.

Recurrent Endocarditis Caused by Beta-haemolytic Streptococci Group B

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 488-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaisa Mathilda Kiiveri ◽  
Gitte Pedersen ◽  
Jens Berning ◽  
Henrik Carl Schønheyder
Keyword(s):  
Streptococci Group B ◽  
Group B

scholarly journals Lecithin hydrophobicity modulates the process of cholesterol crystal nucleation and growth in supersaturated model bile systems

1996 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidenori OCHI ◽  
Susumu TAZUMA ◽  
Goro KAJIYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Crystal Nucleation ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Cholesterol Crystal ◽  
Egg Yolk Phosphatidylcholine ◽  
Bile Cholesterol ◽  
Model Bile

The present study was performed to determine whether the degree of lecithin hydrophobicity regulates bile metastability and, therefore, affects the process of cholesterol crystallization. Supersaturated model bile (MB) solutions were prepared with an identical composition on a molar basis (taurocholate/lecithin/cholesterol, 73:19.5:7.5; total lipid concentration 9 g/dl) except for the lecithin species; egg yolk phosphatidylcholine, soybean phosphatidylcholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine, dilinoleoyl phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Each MB solution was incubated and sequentially examined. Video-enhanced contrast microscopy demonstrated that the rate of vesicular aggregation and fusion correlated with the degree of lecithin hydrophobicity, and that the rate of cholesterol crystal nucleation correlated with the degree of lecithin hydrophilicity. In MBs containing less hydrophobic lecithin, needle-like crystals developed and transformed into mature plate-like crystals, whereas classical plate-like crystals were consistently observed in MBs composed of hydrophobic lecithin. Laser-diffraction particle size analysis demonstrated that the increase in lecithin hydrophobicity enlarged the vesicle dimension, enhancing its cholesterol-holding capacity. Correlation between vesicular cholesterol packing density and lecithin hydrophobicity suggests that the process of bile cholesterol nucleation and growth is regulated, in part, by acyl chain unsaturation in lecithin. Since the composition of biliary lecithins is responsive to dietary manipulations, this study provides new insights into the prevention of cholesterol gallstones.

Effects of sulfobromophthalein excretion on biliary lipid secretion in humans and dogs

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (1) ◽  
pp. G85-G89
Author(s):  
E. A. Shafter ◽  
R. M. Preshaw
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Biliary Lipid ◽  
Lipid Secretion ◽  
Maximal Output ◽  
Biliary Lipid Composition ◽  
Molar Percent ◽  
Salt Secretion

The effect of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) on biliary lipid secretion was investigated in 12 cholecystectomized subjects, using a duodenal marker-perfusion technique. A 1-h basal period was followed by intravenous BSP infusion over 3 h, achieving the maximal excretory rate (Tm). The calculated Tm was not different from the measured maximal output. At BSP Tm, bile salt secretion was unchanged, but phospholipid, cholesterol, and bilirubin secretion were markedly reduced. Biliary lipid composition changed accordingly, higher molar percent bile salts but lower phospholipid and cholesterol. In six cholecystectomized dogs with chronic duodenal fistulas, bile was collected directly from the common duct while bile salt secretion was maintained by intravenous taurocholic acid infusion. After a 2-h control period, sufficient BSP was added to create either maximal (Tm) or submaximal conditions. BSP did not alter bile salt secretion but caused a dose-related decrease in phospholipid and cholesterol secretion. Bilirubin excretion was also reduced, whereas bile flow increased. Thus, BSP is hydrocholeretic but decreases phospholipid, cholesterol, and bilirubin secretion in both humans and dogs. The effect on biliary lipid composition is probably through a physical interaction with biliary micelles.

scholarly journals Populasi Ascaridia galli Dalam Usus Halus Ayam Yang Diberikan Kombinasi Ekskretori/Sekretori L3 dan Imunoglobulin Yolk

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Darmawi Darmawi ◽  
Ummu Balqis ◽  
Risa Tiuria
Keyword(s):  
Worm Burden ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Secretory Product ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Group A ◽  
Intestinal Worm ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Ascaridia galli populations in intestine of chickens treated with combination of excretory/secretory L3 and immunoglobulin yolkABSTRACT. The purpose of the present study was to determine the presence of worm populations in intestine of chickens vaccinated and combined with egg yolk to experimental Ascaridia galli infection. Amount of 18 head chickens were devided into six groups (A – F). Group A, the chickens were not vaccinated. Group B, the chickens were vaccinated with excretory/secretory of A. galli L3. Group C, the chickens were vaccinated with excretory/secretory of A. galli L3, challenged with dose 1000 L2, and treated ten times with 0,875 mg egg yolk with an interval of one day intra orally. Group D, the chickens were vaccinated with excretory/secretory of A. galli L3 and challenged with dose 1000 L2. Group E, the chickens were challenged with dose 1000 L2 and treated ten times with 0,875 mg egg yolk with an interval of one day intra orally. Group E, the chickens were challenged with dose 1000 L2. Intestinal worm burdens of infected groups were recorded. The result showed that excretory/secretory of A. galli L3 combined with egg yolk decreased significantly A. galli survival in intestine of laying hens. Vaccinations were positively correlated with worm burden at 12 weeks after chalanged. The results suggest that A. galli L3 excretory/secretory product contain potential antigen and that antibody-mediated mechanisms contribute to immune protection.

Medium to Culture and Differentiate Coagulase-Positive and -Negative Staphylococci from Bovine Milk

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1019-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRUCE R. BEATTY ◽  
RALPH J. FARNSWORTH ◽  
ARNOLD J. LUND ◽  
RICHARD H. LYON ◽  
GILBERT E. WARD
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Test Medium ◽  
Camp Factor ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
One Step ◽  
Group B ◽  
Coagulase Positive Staphylococci ◽  
Wide Zone

A medium which incorporates CAMP factor produced by Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) into sheep blood agar was used to culture and identify coagulase-positive staphylococci from bovine milk. Of 506 staphylococcal isolates from bovine milk, 92.5% of coagulase-positive organisms produced a wide zone of complete hemolysis, whereas 98.9% of coagulase-negative organisms did not. The agreement of this one-step culture and identification test with the standard tube coagulase test was higher than that of the deoxyribonuclease test medium, Baird-Parker egg yolk medium, tellurite glycine medium and slide coagulase tests.

scholarly journals On the probable value to bacillus coli of "slime" formation in soils

1913 ◽  
Vol 86 (588) ◽  
pp. 371-372
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Physiological Salt Solution ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Experimental Organism ◽  
Bacillus Coli ◽  
Water Spreading

During the course of an investigation into the causes of variation in the physiological activity of Bacillus coli , a number of experiment were started, in which soils, either virgin or mixed with cow dung or human excreta, were inoculated with cultures of B. coli , together with cultures of various soil organisms so different from the colon organism that they could not be mistaken for it on plating out. The requisite quantity of soil was placed in a layer about 3/4-inch deep in large flat litre-bottles, and the cultures were added in the form of emulsions in physiological salt solution, made from agar slopes. Sufficient water was also added to make the soil visibly moist. The bottles were closed with cotton-wool plugs and kept at ordinary room temperature in the dark. Controls which were inoculated with all the organisms except the B. coli were started at the same time. The soils were examined from time to time by withdrawing about 5 grm. by means of a sterile tube, shaking this up with 50 c. c. of sterile water, spreading plates directly on to ordinary agar and incubating at 20°C. It was found very difficult to isolate the B. coli in this way because of the rapid and expansive growth of the other organisms present, and because the experimental organism did not usually grow in a typical manner, but in large watery colonies, which were at first not recognised as B. coli , and were also soon involved with other growths on account of their spreading nature. It was therefore necessary to employ the usual method of preliminary inoculation into bile-salt glucose broth, followed by plating out into ordinary (+I), or bile-salt agar. In this way B. coli was always readily isolated, but the tendency to form large, moist, slimy colonies was still marked, a characteristic to which I have directed attention before.

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