scholarly journals II. BILE CHOLESTEROL

1934 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Wright ◽  
George H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Physical Relationship ◽  
Output Increase ◽  
Bile Fistula ◽  
Maximal Output ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Bile Cholesterol

Under uniform diet conditions the normal bile fistula dog will eliminate pretty constant amounts of cholesterol—about 0.5 to 1.0 mg. cholesterol per kilo per 24 hours. Diets rich in cholesterol (egg yolk) will raise the cholesterol output in the bile but compared to the diet intake (1.5 gm. cholesterol) the output increase in the bile is trivial (5–15 mg.). Calves' brains in the diet are inert. Bile salt alone will raise the cholesterol output in the bile as much and often more than a cholesterol rich diet. Bile salt plus egg yolk plus whole bile give maximal output figures for bile cholesterol—60 mg. per 24 hours. Liver injury (chloroform) decreases both bile salt and cholesterol elimination in the bile. Blood destruction (hydrazine) fails to increase the bile cholesterol output and this eliminates the red cell stroma as an important contributing factor. Certain cholagogues (isatin and decholin) will increase the bile flow but cause no change in cholesterol elimination. The ratio of cholesterol to bile salt in the bile normally is about 1 to 100 but the bile salts are more labile in their fluctuations. The ratio is about reversed in the circulating blood plasma where the cholesterol is high (150–300 mg. per cent) and the bile salt concentration very low. Cholesterol runs so closely parallel to bile salt in the bile that one may feel confident of a physical relationship. In addition there is a suspicion that the bile cholesterol is in some obscure fashion linked with the physiological activity of hepatic epithelium.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER

1934 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Zinsser ◽  
M. Ruiz Castaneda
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Physical Relationship ◽  
Output Increase ◽  
Bile Fistula ◽  
Maximal Output ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Bile Cholesterol ◽  
Typhus Fever

Under uniform diet conditions the normal bile fistula dog will eliminate pretty constant amounts of cholesterol—about 0.5 to 1.0 mg. cholesterol per kilo per 24 hours. Diets rich in cholesterol (egg yolk) will raise the cholesterol output in the bile but compared to the diet intake (1.5 gm. cholesterol) the output increase in the bile is trivial (5–15 mg.). Calves' brains in the diet are inert. Bile salt alone will raise the cholesterol output in the bile as much and often more than a cholesterol rich diet. Bile salt plus egg yolk plus whole bile give maximal output figures for bile cholesterol—60 mg. per 24 hours. Liver injury (chloroform) decreases both bile salt and cholesterol elimination in the bile. Blood destruction (hydrazine) fails to increase the bile cholesterol output and this eliminates the red cell stroma as an important contributing factor. Certain cholagogues (isatin and decholin) will increase the bile flow but cause no change in cholesterol elimination. The ratio of cholesterol to bile salt in the bile normally is about 1 to 100 but the bile salts are more labile in their fluctuations. The ratio is about reversed in the circulating blood plasma where the cholesterol is high (150–300 mg. per cent) and the bile salt concentration very low. Cholesterol runs so closely parallel to bile salt in the bile that one may feel confident of a physical relationship. In addition there is a suspicion that the bile cholesterol is in some obscure fashion linked with the physiological activity of hepatic epithelium.

scholarly journals A SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF SPECIFIC TYPES OF BOVINE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI (GROUP B)

1934 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Lancefield
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Physical Relationship ◽  
Output Increase ◽  
Streptococci Group B ◽  
Maximal Output ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Bile Cholesterol ◽  
Group B

Under uniform diet conditions the normal bile fistula dog will eliminate pretty constant amounts of cholesterol—about 0.5 to 1.0 mg. cholesterol per kilo per 24 hours. Diets rich in cholesterol (egg yolk) will raise the cholesterol output in the bile but compared to the diet intake (1.5 gm. cholesterol) the output increase in the bile is trivial (5–15 mg.). Calves' brains in the diet are inert. Bile salt alone will raise the cholesterol output in the bile as much and often more than a cholesterol rich diet. Bile salt plus egg yolk plus whole bile give maximal output figures for bile cholesterol—60 mg. per 24 hours. Liver injury (chloroform) decreases both bile salt and cholesterol elimination in the bile. Blood destruction (hydrazine) fails to increase the bile cholesterol output and this eliminates the red cell stroma as an important contributing factor. Certain cholagogues (isatin and decholin) will increase the bile flow but cause no change in cholesterol elimination. The ratio of cholesterol to bile salt in the bile normally is about 1 to 100 but the bile salts are more labile in their fluctuations. The ratio is about reversed in the circulating blood plasma where the cholesterol is high (150–300 mg. per cent) and the bile salt concentration very low. Cholesterol runs so closely parallel to bile salt in the bile that one may feel confident of a physical relationship. In addition there is a suspicion that the bile cholesterol is in some obscure fashion linked with the physiological activity of hepatic epithelium.

scholarly journals Multiparametric Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting for the Assessment of Viable, Injured, and Dead Bifidobacterium Cells during Bile Salt Stress

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 5209-5216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaouther Ben Amor ◽  
Pieter Breeuwer ◽  
Patrick Verbaarschot ◽  
Frank M. Rombouts ◽  
Antoon D. L. Akkermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Cell Sorting ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Multiparameter Flow Cytometry ◽  
Bifidobacterium Adolescentis ◽  
Multiparametric Flow Cytometry ◽  
Plate Counts

ABSTRACT Using a flow cytometry-based approach, we assessed the viability of Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 10140 and Bifidobacterium adolescentis DSM 20083 during exposure to bile salt stress. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate (cFDA), propidium iodide (PI), and oxonol [DiBAC4(3)] were used to monitor esterase activity, membrane integrity, and membrane potential, respectively, as indicators of bacterial viability. Single staining with these probes rapidly and noticeably reflected the behavior of the two strains during stress exposure. However, the flow cytometry results tended to overestimate the viability of the two strains compared to plate counts, which appeared to be related to the nonculturability of a fraction of the population as a result of sublethal injury caused by bile salts. When the cells were simultaneously stained with cFDA and PI, flow cytometry and cell sorting revealed a striking physiological heterogeneity within the stressed bifidobacterium population. Three subpopulations could be identified based on their differential uptake of the probes: cF-stained, cF and PI double-stained, and PI-stained subpopulations, representing viable, injured, and dead cells, respectively. Following sorting and recovery, a significant fraction of the double-stained subpopulation (40%) could resume growth on agar plates. Our results show that in situ assessment of the physiological activity of stressed bifidobacteria using multiparameter flow cytometry and cell sorting may provide a powerful and sensitive tool for assessment of the viability and stability of probiotics.

scholarly journals Lecithin hydrophobicity modulates the process of cholesterol crystal nucleation and growth in supersaturated model bile systems

1996 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidenori OCHI ◽  
Susumu TAZUMA ◽  
Goro KAJIYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Crystal Nucleation ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Cholesterol Crystal ◽  
Egg Yolk Phosphatidylcholine ◽  
Bile Cholesterol ◽  
Model Bile

The present study was performed to determine whether the degree of lecithin hydrophobicity regulates bile metastability and, therefore, affects the process of cholesterol crystallization. Supersaturated model bile (MB) solutions were prepared with an identical composition on a molar basis (taurocholate/lecithin/cholesterol, 73:19.5:7.5; total lipid concentration 9 g/dl) except for the lecithin species; egg yolk phosphatidylcholine, soybean phosphatidylcholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine, dilinoleoyl phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Each MB solution was incubated and sequentially examined. Video-enhanced contrast microscopy demonstrated that the rate of vesicular aggregation and fusion correlated with the degree of lecithin hydrophobicity, and that the rate of cholesterol crystal nucleation correlated with the degree of lecithin hydrophilicity. In MBs containing less hydrophobic lecithin, needle-like crystals developed and transformed into mature plate-like crystals, whereas classical plate-like crystals were consistently observed in MBs composed of hydrophobic lecithin. Laser-diffraction particle size analysis demonstrated that the increase in lecithin hydrophobicity enlarged the vesicle dimension, enhancing its cholesterol-holding capacity. Correlation between vesicular cholesterol packing density and lecithin hydrophobicity suggests that the process of bile cholesterol nucleation and growth is regulated, in part, by acyl chain unsaturation in lecithin. Since the composition of biliary lecithins is responsive to dietary manipulations, this study provides new insights into the prevention of cholesterol gallstones.

Effects of sulfobromophthalein excretion on biliary lipid secretion in humans and dogs

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (1) ◽  
pp. G85-G89
Author(s):  
E. A. Shafter ◽  
R. M. Preshaw
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Biliary Lipid ◽  
Lipid Secretion ◽  
Maximal Output ◽  
Biliary Lipid Composition ◽  
Molar Percent ◽  
Salt Secretion

The effect of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) on biliary lipid secretion was investigated in 12 cholecystectomized subjects, using a duodenal marker-perfusion technique. A 1-h basal period was followed by intravenous BSP infusion over 3 h, achieving the maximal excretory rate (Tm). The calculated Tm was not different from the measured maximal output. At BSP Tm, bile salt secretion was unchanged, but phospholipid, cholesterol, and bilirubin secretion were markedly reduced. Biliary lipid composition changed accordingly, higher molar percent bile salts but lower phospholipid and cholesterol. In six cholecystectomized dogs with chronic duodenal fistulas, bile was collected directly from the common duct while bile salt secretion was maintained by intravenous taurocholic acid infusion. After a 2-h control period, sufficient BSP was added to create either maximal (Tm) or submaximal conditions. BSP did not alter bile salt secretion but caused a dose-related decrease in phospholipid and cholesterol secretion. Bilirubin excretion was also reduced, whereas bile flow increased. Thus, BSP is hydrocholeretic but decreases phospholipid, cholesterol, and bilirubin secretion in both humans and dogs. The effect on biliary lipid composition is probably through a physical interaction with biliary micelles.

scholarly journals On the probable value to bacillus coli of "slime" formation in soils

1913 ◽  
Vol 86 (588) ◽  
pp. 371-372
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Physiological Salt Solution ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Experimental Organism ◽  
Bacillus Coli ◽  
Water Spreading

During the course of an investigation into the causes of variation in the physiological activity of Bacillus coli , a number of experiment were started, in which soils, either virgin or mixed with cow dung or human excreta, were inoculated with cultures of B. coli , together with cultures of various soil organisms so different from the colon organism that they could not be mistaken for it on plating out. The requisite quantity of soil was placed in a layer about 3/4-inch deep in large flat litre-bottles, and the cultures were added in the form of emulsions in physiological salt solution, made from agar slopes. Sufficient water was also added to make the soil visibly moist. The bottles were closed with cotton-wool plugs and kept at ordinary room temperature in the dark. Controls which were inoculated with all the organisms except the B. coli were started at the same time. The soils were examined from time to time by withdrawing about 5 grm. by means of a sterile tube, shaking this up with 50 c. c. of sterile water, spreading plates directly on to ordinary agar and incubating at 20°C. It was found very difficult to isolate the B. coli in this way because of the rapid and expansive growth of the other organisms present, and because the experimental organism did not usually grow in a typical manner, but in large watery colonies, which were at first not recognised as B. coli , and were also soon involved with other growths on account of their spreading nature. It was therefore necessary to employ the usual method of preliminary inoculation into bile-salt glucose broth, followed by plating out into ordinary (+I), or bile-salt agar. In this way B. coli was always readily isolated, but the tendency to form large, moist, slimy colonies was still marked, a characteristic to which I have directed attention before.

scholarly journals Studies of feedback suppression of bile salt synthesis in the bile-fistula rat.

1988 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-214
Author(s):  
W C Duane ◽  
A P McHale ◽  
J N Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Feedback Suppression ◽  
Bile Fistula

Acceleration of Haemolysis in Relation to Chemical Structure

1939 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC PONDER
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Ring Compounds ◽  
Kinetics Of

1. Benzene and its halogenated derivatives are accelerators of saponin and bile salt haemolysis. The order of effectiveness is benzene<chlor-benzene<brom-benzene<iodo-benzene. The addition of two halogens is more effective than the addition of one, and again the order is Cl<Br<I. In the case of the di-chlor-benzenes, the order of effectiveness is ortho>meta>para, and the addition of three Cl increases the accelerating power more than does the addition of two Cl. 2. Naphthalene and its halogenated derivatives are also accelerators, and again the order of effectiveness is Cl<Br<I. The addition of the halogen in the β position is more effective than the addition in the α position. 3. Anthracene does not produce appreciable acceleration, perhaps because of its insolubility, but acceleration is produced by its isomer, phenanthrene. The 5-ring compounds which have been examined are too insoluble to produce any measurable effect; of the 4-ring compounds, only estrin and estriol have been examined, and these are inhibitors. 4. Benzene is concentrated at the red cell surface, the amount taken up being roughly linear with the concentration to which the cells are exposed. Acceleration can be observed when there are too few molecules in the system to form even a monolayer. 5. If an accelerator such as benzene is washed off the cells immediately, no accelerating effect remains, but if some time is allowed to elapse before the washing, effects irreversible by washing can be detected. 6. The investigation has brought to light certain hitherto undescribed peculiarities in the kinetics of acceleration, and these are discussed in detail.

Effect of bile salts on the biliary excretion of glycodihydrofusidate in the rat

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-167
Author(s):  
J. C. Montet ◽  
A. Gerolami
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Biliary Excretion ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Hepatic Transport ◽  
Structural Analogue ◽  
Biliary Elimination ◽  
Bile Fistula ◽  
Bolus Intravenous Injection ◽  
Continuous Perfusion

The biliary elimination of glycodihydrofusidate (GDHF), a structural analogue of bile salts, was studied in bile fistula rats. GDHF was excreted in bile with a maximal excretory rate (Tm = 0.80 μmol min−1 kg−1) which is much lower than bile salts Tm. The effects of dehydrocholate and taurocholate on GDHF biliary secretion suggest a stimulatory effect of bile salts on canalicular excretion of the drug.(a) When a bolus intravenous injection of 3 μmol of GDHF was followed after 2 min by a continuous dehydrocholate perfusion (10 μmol min−1 kg−1), biliary excretion of GDHF was increased in comparison with control rats.(b) Upon attaining the biliary Tm by continuous perfusion of GDHF at a rate of 1.35 μmol min−1 kg−1, infusion with either taurocholate or dehydrocholate increased its Tm to a similar degree.These results are similar to those previously obtained with the effects of bile salt infusions on the Tm of bromosulfophthalein. They suggest therefore that hepatic transport of GDHF and bile salts occurs by routes which are distinct for canalicular transport in spite of the striking structural similarities between GDHF and bile salts.

scholarly journals Blood Destruction in the Polycythemia Induced by Hypoxia

Blood ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
KURT R. REISSMANN ◽  
WILLIAM L. BURKHARDT ◽  
BERNARD HOELSCHER
Keyword(s):  
Normal Cell ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Simulated Altitude ◽  
Cell Destruction ◽  
Altitude Exposure ◽  
Active Mechanism ◽  
Bile Fistula

Abstract The hemoglobin catabolism during the development and during the disappearance of polycythemia induced by hypoxia was studied by measuring the total circulating hemoglobin and the daily bile pigment excretion in bile-fistula dogs before, during, and after prolonged periods of exposure to 20,000 feet simulated altitude. 1. The inscreased erythropoiesis during the first weeks of altitude exposure was accompanied by a signiflcant increase in bile pigment output. The possible sources of this pigment excretion are discussed. 2. The life spans of the red cells during altitude exposure was found to be about 115 days. No differences were observed in the longevity of the cells in animals at ground level and at altitude. 3. The normalization of the polycythemic blood levels took place within six to eight weeks after returns to ground level, and was achieved by the combined effect of a depressed erythropoiesis and of an increased blood destruction. The increase in red cell destruction observed under these conditions demonstrates the existence of an "active" mechanism of blood destrunction by which the organism is able to destroy normal blood cells before their life span is exhausted. This increased red cell destruction, however, accounted for only 21 to 39 per cent of the hemoglobin which disappeared from circulation after return to ground level. The major part of the normalization of altitude polycythemia was brought about by a temporary depression of erythropoiesis which was estimated to amount to 30 or 40 per cent of the normal cell production in the six weeks after the discontinuation of the altitude exposure.

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