scholarly journals II. INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN THE PERMEABILITY OF THE LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY

1932 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. McMaster ◽  
Stephen Hudack
Keyword(s):  
Great Increase ◽  
Semipermeable Membrane ◽  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fluid Accumulation ◽  
Lymphatic Capillary ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Chemical Irritation ◽  
Local Accumulation

A standardized solution of a vital dye which escapes with some difficulty from the lymphatics of the ear of the mouse has been utilized in tests of the permeability of the lymphatic wall under various conditions. It has been found that this permeability is subject to great change. The slight pressure that suffices to prevent lymph flow from the ear,—an organ in which such flow goes on normally,—soon results in increased permeability of the obstructed lymphatics without as yet any perceptible dilatation of these vessels. Mechanical stimulation as for example a stroke with a blunt wire, or scratching so light as not to break the epidermis, results in a practically immediate, great increase in lymphatic permeability, which is sharply localized to the region pressed upon. This increase in permeability, though so great that even hemoglobin is let pass by the lymphatics, endures but a few hours. Warming the ear to 43°C. or exposure to mild sunlight increases permeability considerably. Slight chemical irritation increases it greatly, though not so much that particulate matter is let pass. The edema developing as result of lymphatic obstruction or mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulation is preceded by and associated with a large increase in lymphatic permeability. The facts are discussed in relation to their bearing upon fluid accumulation within the tissue. It is plain that influences within the realm of the normal suffice to increase lymphatic permeability and that those which lead to edema cause a very great increase in it. In proportion as this increase occurs the lymphatics cease to be channels demarcated by a semipermeable membrane. It seems certain that the changes must be in some part responsible for the local accumulation of fluid. There exist possibilities, on the other hand, of a correlation between the functionings of the blood and lymph vessels under certain pathological conditions, as during the resorption of edema.

scholarly journals I. THE PERMEABILITY OF THE WALL OF THE LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY

1932 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Hudack ◽  
Philip D. McMaster
Keyword(s):  
Semipermeable Membrane ◽  
Lymphatic Capillary ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
General Direction ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
India Ink ◽  
Narrow Lumen ◽  
Mouse Ear ◽  
Gradient Of Permeability ◽  
Active Flow

A technique has been developed for the demonstration of lymphatic capillaries in the ear of the mouse by means of vital dyes and for tests of their permeability under normal and pathological conditions. The lymphatics become visible as closed channels from which the dyes escape secondarily into the tissue. Some of them, cross-connections, with extremely narrow lumen, would seem ordinarily not to be utilized. There is active flow along the lymphatics of the mouse ear under ordinary circumstances. The movement of dye was always toward the main collecting system. The valves of the lymphatics as well as fluid flow prevented distal spread. There was in addition slow migration, apparently interstitial in character, but in the same general direction, of dots of color produced by the local injection of dye. The normal permeability of the lymphatics was studied with dyes of graded diffusibility. Their walls proved readily permeable for those highly diffusible pigments that the blood capillaries let through easily, but retained those that the latter retained. Finely particulate matter (India ink, "Hydrokollag"), they did not let pass. No gradient of permeability was observed to exist along them such as exists along the blood capillaries of certain organs. The observed phenomena of lymphatic permeability, like those of the permeability of the blood capillaries, can be explained on the assumption that the lymphatic wall behaves like a semipermeable membrane.

scholarly journals Bilateral Femoral Neck Fracture due to Electric Shock

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
Rahul Peswani ◽  
BL Chandrakar ◽  
Rakesh Thakkar
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Femoral Neck Fracture ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Bone Disease ◽  
Late Presentation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Neck Fracture

ABSTRACT Simultaneous bilateral fractures of the femoral neck are rare injuries in patients without underlying pathological conditions. We report a case of a 50-year-old male, who sustained bilateral femoral neck injury resulting from electric shock with 440 V of direct current. Bilateral femoral neck fracture is rare. Bilateral femoral neck fracture due to electric shock is even rarer. This case report highlights bilateral femoral neck fracture without primary and secondary bone disease. Late presentation and unclassified pattern of fracture are the other features. How to cite this article Peswani R, Chandrakar BL, Thakkar R. Bilateral Femoral Neck Fracture due to Electric Shock. J Med Sci 2016;2(1):18-20.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF NEW PIPERIDINE DERIVATIVES WITH SUBSTITUTIONS IN THE 1ST AND 4TH POSITIONS IN NALOXONE SENSITIVE ANALGESY

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-505
Author(s):  
A. A. Vasilyuk ◽  
◽  
V. I. Kozlovsky ◽  
G. S. Akhmetova ◽  
V. K. Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Opioid Receptor ◽  
Opioid Receptors ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
Analgesic Action ◽  
Preliminary Administration ◽  
Chemical Irritation

Background. Despite the wide arsenal of painkillers, pain relief is an urgent interdisciplinary problem that requires a search for new solutions. Purpose of the study. To establish the role of opioid receptors in the mechanism of the analgesic action of the piperidine derivatives AGV-22 and AGV-23. Material and methods. The studies were carried out on 96 white mice of both sexes weighing 30-40 g. The analgesic effect of the compounds was tested on models of thermal and chemical irritation with preliminary administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Results. The pain reactions of mice with models of thermal and chemical stimulation in the AGV-22 / AGV-23 + naloxone and AGV-22 / AGV-23 groups were comparable. Conclusions. The mechanism of the analgesic action of the piperidine derivatives AGV-22 and AGV-23 is not associated with the activation of opioid receptors.

Effects of load and duration of tension on pain induced by muscular contraction

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syuk Ryun Park ◽  
Simon Rodbard
Keyword(s):  
Severe Pain ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cube Root ◽  
Similar Relationship ◽  
Moderate Pain ◽  
Slight Pain ◽  
Mercury Column ◽  
Local Accumulation

Pain was induced in the ischemic forearm in more than 300 tests in seven subjects by an exercise which consisted of compression of an air bulb to raise or maintain a mercury column at 50, 100, or 200 mm for periods of 1, 2, 4, or 5.5 sec. The rate of pain development could be correlated with the product ( P) of the number of contractions, square root of the load (in mm Hg), and cube root of the duration of contraction (in sec). Slight pain appeared at a product of about 345 P, moderate pain at approximately 433 P, severe pain at 536 P, and intolerable pain at 626 P. A similar relationship could be shown in maintained contraction provided the total duration was treated as if each 5.5 sec of the maintained contraction constituted a separate contraction. Ischemia of the arm for periods up to 15 min had no effect on product. Recovery from the effect of exercise was complete in 10 min. Simultaneous exercise of the other arm had no effect on the rate of pain development. The results support the concept that muscle pain results from the local accumulation of a slowly diffusible material released during muscle contraction.

Learning from cerebellar lesions about the temporal and spatial aspects of saccadic control

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-688
Author(s):  
Alain Guillaume ◽  
Laurent Goffart ◽  
Denis Pélisson
Keyword(s):  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parallel Processes ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Cerebellar Lesions ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Winner Take All ◽  
Salience Map ◽  
Made In ◽  
Take All

In the model proposed by Findlay & Walker, the programming of saccadic eye movements is achieved by two parallel processes, one dedicated to the coding of saccade metrics (Where) and the other controlling saccade initiation (When). One outcome of the “winner-take-all” characteristics of the salience map, the main node of the model, is an independence between the metrics and the latency of saccades. We report on some observations, made in the head-unrestrained cat under pathological conditions, of a correlation between accuracy and latency of saccadic gaze shifts. To account for such a correlation, the link between metrics specification (Where) and saccade triggering (When) should be amended in the model.

scholarly journals Cannabis, the Endocannabinoid System and Immunity—the Journey from the Bedside to the Bench and Back

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osnat Almogi-Hazan ◽  
Reuven Or
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Regulatory Properties

The Cannabis plant contains numerous components, including cannabinoids and other active molecules. The phyto-cannabinoid activity is mediated by the endocannabinoid system. Cannabinoids affect the nervous system and play significant roles in the regulation of the immune system. While Cannabis is not yet registered as a drug, the potential of cannabinoid-based medicines for the treatment of various conditions has led many countries to authorize their clinical use. However, the data from basic and medical research dedicated to medical Cannabis is currently limited. A variety of pathological conditions involve dysregulation of the immune system. For example, in cancer, immune surveillance and cancer immuno-editing result in immune tolerance. On the other hand, in autoimmune diseases increased immune activity causes tissue damage. Immuno-modulating therapies can regulate the immune system and therefore the immune-regulatory properties of cannabinoids, suggest their use in the therapy of immune related disorders. In this contemporary review, we discuss the roles of the endocannabinoid system in immunity and explore the emerging data about the effects of cannabinoids on the immune response in different pathologies. In addition, we discuss the complexities of using cannabinoid-based treatments in each of these conditions.

Altered Expression of Astrocyte-Related Receptors and Channels Correlates With Epileptogenesis in Hippocampal Sclerosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 532-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Aoki ◽  
Sae Hanai ◽  
Sayuri Sukigara ◽  
Taisuke Otsuki ◽  
Takashi Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ◽  
Pharmacological Treatment ◽  
Hippocampal Sclerosis ◽  
Intractable Epilepsy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Immunopositive Cell ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Brain

Background Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is one of the major causes of intractable epilepsy. Astrogliosis in epileptic brain is a peculiar condition showing epileptogenesis and is thought to be different from the other pathological conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the altered expression of astrocytic receptors, which contribute to neurotransmission in the synapse, and channels in HS lesions. Methods We performed immunohistochemical and immunoblotting analyses of the P2RY1, P2RY2, P2RY4, Kir4.1, Kv4.2, mGluR1, and mGluR5 receptors and channels with the brain samples of 20 HS patients and 4 controls and evaluated the ratio of immunopositive cells and those expression levels. Results The ratio of each immunopositive cell per glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes and the expression levels of all 7 astrocytic receptors and channels in HS lesions were significantly increased. We previously described unique astrogliosis in epileptic lesions similar to what was observed in this study. Conclusion This phenomenon is considered to trigger activation of the related signaling pathways and then contribute to epileptogenesis. Thus, astrocytes in epileptic lesion may show self-hyperexcitability and contribute to epileptogenesis through the endogenous astrocytic receptors and channels. These findings may suggest novel astrocytic receptor-related targets for the pharmacological treatment of epilepsy.

Spice Prices in the Near East in the 15th Century

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ashtor
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Near East ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
European Markets ◽  
Tremendous Impact

It is a well-known fact that the discovery of the sea route to India and the ensuing scarcity of spices and other Indian products on the markets of Alexandria and Damascus resulted in their prices rising steeply. Judging from Venetian sources, the change in the condition of the Levantine trade was considered catastrophic. On the other hand, some scholars have already drawn attention to the fact that pepper prices fell considerably on European markets in the period preceding the expedition of Vasco da Gama, and especially in the second quarter of the 15th century. It is probable, a priori, that this was caused by a downward trend of prices in the Near East. But other factors, such as the level of demand in European countries and the conditions of trade (communications with the Near East, direct or indirect trade), could also have influenced the course of spice prices in Europe. In order to explain the tremendous impact of the rise of spice prices at the beginning of the 16th century, I have suggested, in my Histoire des prix et des salaires, the probability of a fall of prices in the Near Eastern emporia in the pre-Vasco period. In a paper published a few years later I tried to substantiate this conjecture by additional materials and, further, by the supposition that it was accompanied by a great increase in the volume of the Levantine trade, and also a general price-decline in the Near East at the end of the Middle Ages.

How the Great Lakes Became "High Seas," and their Status Viewed from the Standpoint of International Law

1910 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-313
Author(s):  
Harry E. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
International Law ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Seas

The convention which met in 1787 to frame the Constitution of the United States, embraced two earnest and determined bodies of men. One favored a strong central government; the other opposed any great increase of power over that granted by the Articles of Confederation. With what jealousy the states guarded their rights and with what reluctance they made surrenders to the federal government is common knowledge. The Constitution, as adopted, was a compromise between the factions, and that part relative to admiralty and maritime jurisdiction was the second great compromise between conflicting depositories of power.

scholarly journals Does the Interdependence between Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Explain the Antioxidant Paradox?

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrata Kumar Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Inflammatory Pathways ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress has been implicated in many chronic diseases. However, antioxidant trials are so far largely unsuccessful as a preventive or curative measure. Chronic low-grade inflammatory process, on the other hand, plays a central role in the pathogenesis of a number of chronic diseases. Oxidative stress and inflammation are closely related pathophysiological processes, one of which can be easily induced by another. Thus, both processes are simultaneously found in many pathological conditions. Therefore, the failure of antioxidant trials might result from failure to select appropriate agents that specifically target both inflammation and oxidative stress or failure to use both antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents simultaneously or use of nonselective agents that block some of the oxidative and/or inflammatory pathways but exaggerate the others. To examine whether the interdependence between oxidative stress and inflammation can explain the antioxidant paradox we discussed in the present review the basic aspects of oxidative stress and inflammation and their relationship and dependence.

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