scholarly journals ANTIGENIC STREPTOCOCCAL HEMOLYSIN

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Antigenic Activity ◽  
Skin Reactivity ◽  
Resistance To Oxidation ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Active Antigen

1. Normal serum, used in cultures for preparation of the streptolysin, modifies the properties of the streptolysin, causing delayed hemolysis, increased filterability, resistance to oxidation or reduction, and absence of antigenicity. 1. Streptolysin prepared without serum is an active antigen. 3. Similar temperatures are required to destroy the antigenic activity of serum-free streptolysin and the skin reactivity of Dick toxin. 4. Scarlet fever antitoxin contains antistreptolysin which does not neutralise serum streptolysin and which can be detected only by titration against serum-free streptolysin. 5. The antihemolysin which neutralises serum-free streptolysin is species-specific but not type-specific.

scholarly journals Critical Assessment of the Amerlite Free T4 Assay

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
C P Reilly ◽  
K J Adamek ◽  
M L Wellby
Keyword(s):  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Oestrogen Therapy ◽  
Clinical Validity ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Euthyroid Status ◽  
Enhanced Luminescence ◽  
Endogenous Albumin

The measurement of serum free T4 (FT4) by analogue methods has been severely criticised because the T4 analogue binds to albumin. Amersham have recently introduced a method utilising horseradish peroxidase-labelled-T4 (HRP-T4) designed to overcome this problem and have incorporated it into the Amerlite enhanced luminescence immunoassay system. We have critically evaluated this method for its analytical and clinical validity. Experiments in which anti-albumin was added to normal serum suggested that the HRP-T4 label did not bind to endogenous albumin while the addition of albumin caused no significant change in FT4 concentration. Adding oleic acid up to 5 mmol/L to simulate increased non-esterified fatty acid concentration did not increase the apparent FT4. Serum sampled from subjects independently allocated to clinical groups were compared with an euthyroid group. The untreated hyperthyroid group values were distinctly elevated while the untreated hypothyroid group were appropriately low. Oestrogen therapy, low TBG, familial dysalbuminaemic hyperthyroxinaemia and non-thyroidal illness groups all reflected their euthyroid status, as did pregnancy samples which also showed a tendency to lower values in late pregnancy, consistent with previous observations. In conclusion, the Amerlite FT4 method appears to overcome some of the problems associated with analogue methods. A small survey showed it to be diagnostically valid in a wide variety of clinical states.

Management of nontoxic multinodular goitre

2011 ◽  
pp. 589-595
Author(s):  
Wilmar M. Wiersinga
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Disease Entity ◽  
Multinodular Goitre ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
The Uk

Goitres can be classified according to thyroid function into toxic goitres, hypothyroid goitres, and euthyroid or nontoxic goitres (see Chapter 3.5.1). The most prevalent causes of nontoxic goitre are endemic (iodine-deficient) goitre and sporadic nontoxic goitre (diffuse or nodular). The disease entity of sporadic nontoxic goitre is defined as a benign enlargement of the thyroid gland of unknown cause, in euthyroid patients (normal serum free thyroxine (T4) and free triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations) living in an area without endemic goitre. The diagnosis is by exclusion. The prevalence of sporadic nontoxic goitre (also called simple goitre) in the adult population is high, 3.2% in the UK (see Chapter 3.1.7), and it is more common in women (5.3%) than in men (0.8%). This chapter deals predominantly with sporadic nontoxic multinodular goitre.

scholarly journals Misleading results from immunoassays of serum free thyroxine in the presence of rheumatoid factor

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G W Norden ◽  
Rodwin A Jackson ◽  
Lorraine E Norden ◽  
A Jane Griffin ◽  
Margaret A Barnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Rheumatoid Factor ◽  
Equilibrium Dialysis ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Free Thyroxine ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Serum Free Thyroxine ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Abstract A novel interference with measurements of serum free thyroxine (FT4) caused by rheumatoid factor (RhF) is described. We found misleading, sometimes gross, increases of FT4 results in 5 clinically euthyroid elderly female patients with high RhF concentrations. All 5 patients had high FT4 on Abbott AxSYM® or IMx® analyzers. “NETRIA” immunoassays gave misleading results in 4 of the 5 patients; Amerlex-MAB® in 2 of 4 patients; AutoDELFIA®in 2 of the 5; and Corning ACS-180® and Bayer Diagnostics Immuno 1® in 1 of the 5. BM-ES700® system results for FT4 in these women remained within the reference range. Results for serum T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, thyroid-hormone-binding globulin, and FT4 measured by equilibrium dialysis were normal in all 5 patients. Drugs, albumin-binding variants, and anti-thyroid-hormone antibodies were excluded as interferences. Addition to normal serum of the RhF isolated from each of the 5 patients increased the apparent FT4 (Abbott AxSYM). Screening of 83 unselected patients demonstrated a highly significant positive correlation between FT4 (Abbott AxSYM) and RhF concentrations. Discrepant, apparently increased FT4 with a normal result for thyroid-stimulating hormone should lead to measurement of the patient’s RhF concentration.

scholarly journals Relative Hypoadiponectinemia, Insulin Resistance, and Increased Visceral Fat in Euthyroid Prepubertal Girls With Low-Normal Serum Free Thyroxine

Obesity ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1455-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Prats-Puig ◽  
Carme Sitjar ◽  
Rosa Ribot ◽  
Mar Calvo ◽  
Núria Clausell-Pomés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Free Thyroxine ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Prepubertal Girls ◽  
Serum Free Thyroxine

The relationship between the serum free light chain assay and serum immunofixation electrophoresis, and the definition of concordant and discordant free light chain ratios

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seema Singhal ◽  
Eric Vickrey ◽  
Jairam Krishnamurthy ◽  
Veerpal Singh ◽  
Sharon Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Chain ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Free Light Chain ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Serum Free Light Chain ◽  
Immunofixation Electrophoresis ◽  
Serial Samples ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract“Stringent” complete remission in myeloma has been defined by a normal serum free light chain ratio (SFLCR) in addition to the standard criteria for CR. 2648 serial samples from 122 IgG or IgA myeloma patients were studied to explore the relationship between SFLCR and serum immunofixation electrophoresis (SIFE). SFLCR was normal in 34% of cases with positive SIFE and abnormal in 66%. SFLCR was normal in 69% of cases with negative SIFE and abnormal in 31%. When evaluated with SIFE as the benchmark, the sensitivity of SFLCR was 66% and specificity was 69%. These findings were unchanged when abnormal SFLCR values were classified as concordant (< 0.26 for λ disease and > 1.65 for κ) or discordant (< 0.26 for κ disease and > 1.65 for λ). Additional studies are required to determine the temporal relationship between SFLCR normalization and paraprotein clearance. Until then, the role of SFLCR in defining response remains controversial.

Impact of Novel M-Component Based Biomarkers On to Progression Free Survival After Treatment in Intact Immunoglobulin Multiple Myeloma.

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 2927-2927
Author(s):  
Efstathios Koulieris ◽  
Dimitrios Maltezas ◽  
Nikolaou Eytychia ◽  
Vassiliki Bartzis ◽  
Tatianna Tzenou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Free Light Chains ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Depth Of Response ◽  
Serum Free Light Chains

Abstract Abstract 2927 Background and Aims: Multiple Myeloma (MM) is characterized by bone marrow (BM) plasma cell infiltration and the presence of serum/urine monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig). The depth of response has been associated with longer PFS in MM causing subsequent prolonged survival. Recently novel M-based biomarker immunoassays have been developed (Freelite™, Hevylite™) and their significance in MM diagnosis and prognosis has been demonstrated.1,2 Furthermore serum Free Light Chains (sFLC) are used for better assessment of treatment response, thus patients are considered to achieve stringed Complete Response (sCR) by having CR criteria plus normal serum Free Light Chains Ratio (sFLCR) and absent clonal cells on BM.3 The significance of Hevylite™ on response has not been assessed so far. Patients in nCR or better do not automatically restore their ratio of intact monoclonal Ig/intact polyclonal Ig of the same class (Hevylite™ or HLCR). We therefore investigated the importance of sFLCR and HLCR normalisation at plateau on PFS, in a series of patients with intact Ig MM. Patients and Methods: 50 intact immunoglobulin MM patients were studied from diagnosis to last follow up. Immunofixation was IgG (26 -kappa and 12 –lamdba) and IgA (6 –kappa and 6 -lambda). All patients were symptomatic at diagnosis. Sera samples (n=312) were analyzed for sFLC-kappa and sFLC-lambda with Freelite™ and sFLCR were calculated, and for IgGkappa, IgGlambda IgAkappa, IgAlambda with Hevylite™ and ratios IgGkappa/IgGlambda, IgGlambda/IgGkappa, IgAkappa,/IgAlambda and IgAlambda/IgAkappa (HLCRs) were calculated. sFLCRs and HLCRs values above the 95%-ile of normal individuals were considered abnormal. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS ver 15.0. File data were reviewed. Results: At diagnosis sFLCR was abnormal in 86% of patients while HLCR was abnormal in all. All treatment lines were initiated according to standard criteria and median lines of therapy were 2 (range 1–11). Median follow up was 33 months (7–145). During patients' cumulative follow-up, 145 lines of therapy were studied and the subsequent responses were estimated. Thirty eight percent of responses were sCR, CR and nCR, 20% PR, 18% MR and 24% refractory and progressive disease. HLCR normalized in 44% of patients with sCR, CR and nCR. The depth of response correlated to PFS and patients in sCR, CR and nCR had longer PFS than the others (p<0.001). Serum FLCR and HLCR normal values at response were both strong parameters of increased PFS after treatment at any line (p=0.035 and p=0.046 respectively). Conclusion: Serum HLCR normalization at plateau reflects prolonged responses in intact Ig MM. Disclosures: Harding: Binding Site: Employment. Bradwell:The Binding Site: shareholder Other.

scholarly journals PASSIVE IMMUNITY IN AVIAN MALARIA

1940 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald D. Manwell ◽  
Frederick Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Avian Malaria ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Human Malaria ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Effect Of Therapy ◽  
Serum Therapy ◽  
Species Specific

The effect of therapy with immune serum has been studied in thirty-two cases of Plasmodium circumflexum infection, all of them produced by blood inoculation. Eighteen of these cases never showed parasites, and seven others developed infections which were definitely milder than those of the controls. The therapeutic serum was in all cases obtained from chronic cases which had previously been superinfected to raise the immune titre. It seems justifiable to conclude that: 1. Passive immunity can be conferred in avian malaria, at least when caused by Plasmodium circumflexum just as it can be in certain types of monkey malaria, and perhaps in human malaria as well. 2. Whatever the nature of the protective substances present in the serum of chronic cases may be, they are present in very low concentration. Their concentration can be raised by superinfection, however. These substances may be strain-specific or species-specific, but the results of these experiments do not give any clear-cut answer to this question. 3. Serum therapy previous to infection seems to be more effective than when given afterward. 4. The administration of normal serum or even of physiological saline in a dosage comparable to that employed with the immune serum used in these experiments produced similar macroscopic changes in the size of the spleen. 5. Agglutination of cells parasitized by Plasmodium circumflexurn when mixed with immune serum was observed.

scholarly journals REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis A. Julianelle
Keyword(s):  
Active Resistance ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Skin Reactivity ◽  
Secondary Reactions ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. Following repeated intracutaneous injections of heat-killed pneumococci rabbits acquire an increased skin reactivity. 2. The increased skin reactivity reaches a maximum after 4 to 6 injections have been made, after which it becomes greatly diminished. 3. The relationship of increased skin reactivity to active resistance to infection by Pneumococcus, and to the presence of species-specific antibodies in the blood, is still obscure. 4. The increased skin reactivity is not transferable by serum from a highly reactive to a normal rabbit. 5. After regression of the reaction to the first injection of Pneumococcus into the skin, there frequently follows a recrudescence, or exacerbation, of the reaction. 6. The increased skin reactivity and secondary reactions are incited alike by all types and all forms of Pneumococcus.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document