scholarly journals THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN THE HUMAN BEING AFTER INJECTION WITH NORMAL HORSE SERUM

1929 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Tuft ◽  
Susan Griffith Ramsdell
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Serum Sickness ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Circulating Antibodies

After the injection of normal horse serum in the human being, serum sickness occurs even more regularly than in cases treated with the various immune sera, but this is not accompanied by the production, to any notable degree, of circulating antibodies of the various types that are regularly to be demonstrated after the administration of immune serum and its resulting serum sickness. Since normal horse serum therefore appears to be weakly antigenic, and immune serum highly antigenic for the human being, one must assume that this difference is the result of some alteration in its antigenic characteristics produced during the course of the immunization or of its preparation for use; or that the specific antibody which is responsible for the phenomenon of serum sickness has not yet been identified; or that this phenomenon is not in any way dependent on the presence of the various known antibodies to normal horse serum.

scholarly journals THE PASSAGE OF MENINGOCOCCIC AGGLUTININS FROM THE BLOOD TO THE SPINAL FLUID OF THE MONKEY

1919 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 597-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Amoss ◽  
Frederick Eberson
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Spinal Canal ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Agglutination Reaction ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Intraspinal Injection

Agglutinins for the meningococcus were not found in the spinal fluid of normal monkeys which had received antimeningococcic serum intravenously. The intraspinal injection of isotonic salt solution, normal horse serum, or a culture of living meningococci allows agglutinins for the meningococcus to pass from the blood to the spinal fluid of the passively immunized monkey; and the rate of the passage is affected by the severity of the inflammation induced in the meninges. The rates of elimination from the blood and spinal canal of meningococcic antibodies, as shown by the agglutination reaction, were compared in monkeys treated with immune serum (a) intraspinally, (b) intravenously, and (c) intraspinally and intravenously in combination. (a) When immune serum is given intraspinally the agglutinins are very much diminished after 8 hours and practically disappear at 12 hours. They appear in the blood at the 4th hour after injection and quickly diminish. (b) After intravenous injection of immune serum, when the meninges are inflamed, agglutinins appear in the spinal fluid in small amounts in about 12 hours and increase to the 25th hour. More than one-half of the agglutinins disappear from the blood within 8 hours and remain in low concentration at 25 hours. (c) After combined intraspinal and intravenous injection the agglutinins remain in higher concentration in the spinal fluid and for a longer time than by method (a) or (b). The curve descends after 12 hours, and agglutinins are present at 25 hours. They remain in maximum concentration in the blood for 25 hours.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON VIRULENCE

1932 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd D. Felton
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Antibody Solution ◽  
Transfer Device ◽  
Made In

From the study of different tissue extracts as media for the growth of pneumococci used in an automatic transfer device, certain inferences are warranted: 1. Media made from calf lung or heart, or from horse skeletal muscle maintain virulence over a long period of time. Conversely, media made from calf spleen lead to a decrease in virulence. 2. Lung medium causes an increase in virulence of seven strains of pneumococci. 3. Virulence is maintained in normal horse serum; but, it rapidly decreases in immune serum, or in pneumococcus antibody solution, a finding which confirms the work of Stryker. Immune serum freed from protective antibody gives results similar to normal serum. 4. Rabbit medium made from the entire animal apparently is less suitable for the maintenance of virulence of pneumococci than medium made in the same way from guinea pig.

scholarly journals THE RELATION OF CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES TO SERUM DISEASE

1918 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warfield T. Longcope ◽  
Francis M. Rackemann
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Serum Sickness ◽  
Great Concentration ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Circulating Antibodies

1. The injection of horse serum either in small or in large amounts in human beings is always followed sooner or later by the development of hypersensitiveness of the skin to subsequent injections of horse serum. For the development of this reaction serum disease is not essential. 2. The blood serum of most patients who suffer from an attack of serum disease following injections of horse serum shows anaphylactin and precipitin for horse serum. 3. Anaphylactin and precipitin cannot be demonstrated in the blood serum of patients treated with horse serum who do not later present symptoms of serum sickness. 4. The appearance of anaphylactin and precipitin precedes shortly recovery from the disease. 5. With the appearance in the serum of antibodies to horse serum in great concentration, the antigen rapidly diminishes or disappears. 6. It is probable that the extrusion of these antibodies into the circulation is the result and not the cause of serum sickness. Their presence serves to neutralize or destroy the antigen and thus determines the recovery from serum sickness.

scholarly journals ENHANCEMENT OF THE OPSONIZING AND AGGLUTINATING POWERS OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM BY SPECIFIC PRECIPITATING SERUM

1920 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida W. Pritchett
Keyword(s):  
Horse Serum ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Serum Type

1. No demonstrable antiopsonins are formed in rabbits following the intravenous injection of monovalent pneumococcus horse sera, Types I, II, and III. 2. The serum of rabbits injected with immune pneumococcus horse serum, Type I, II, or III, or with normal horse serum, when mixed in the proportion of 1:4 with Type I or Type II pneumococcus horse serum, can greatly augment, in vitro, the opsonization and agglutination of Type I and Type II pneumococci by the homologous immune horse sera. No similar effect is obtained with Type III serum and pneumococci. 3. The increase in opsonization and agglutination is dependent upon (a) specific sensitization of the pneumococci by the homologous immune serum and (b) the presence of the precipitating serum. In the absence of sensitization, as when a heterologous or normal horse serum is employed, opsonization and agglutination do not occur, even though a precipitating mixture is provided. The substitution of normal rabbit serum for the precipitating rabbit serum gives opsonization and agglutination in dilutions slightly higher than are effected with salt solution only, due possibly to the more favorable medium created for the leucocytes by the addition of 25 per cent of whole rabbit serum. 4. Different methods of combining the immune horse serum, precipitating rabbit serum, and pneumococci yield very similar results, preliminary sensitization of the bacteria before precipitation, or precipitation in the rabbit-horse serum mixture before the addition of the pneumococci for sensitization causing little if any difference in result from that obtained when immune horse serum, precipitating rabbit serum, and pneumococci are all mixed and incubated together. 5. This increased opsonization in the test-tube does not seem to be paralleled by increased protective power, or at any rate such protection is not readily demonstrated.

scholarly journals A STUDY BY THE SINGLE CELL METHOD OF THE INFLUENCE OF HOMOLOGOUS ANTIPNEUMOCOCCIC SERUM ON THE GROWTH RATE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Blister Fluid ◽  
Cell Method ◽  
Normal Horse Serum

1. Under the conditions stated pneumococci grow as readily in the serum of horses highly immunized to the homologous organism as they do in normal horse serum, and the rate of growth is not appreciably diminished. 2. This failure of immune serum to affect the growth rate is not altered when fresh rabbit blood, fresh human blood, or rabbit blister fluid is added in order to supply any hypothetical complement which might be lacking. 3. We have not been able to show that when immune horse serum is injected intravenously into rabbits or intraperitoneally into mice, it acquires the property of killing pneumococci or inhibiting their growth. 4. Experimental evidence has been obtained indicating that in the peritoneal cavity of the passively immunized mouse the growth of extracellular pneumococci continues at apparently the normal rate, until the bacteria are engulfed by phagocytes. 5. The immunizing and protective power of antipneumococcic serum probably depends, in part at least, on properties which are not at present known. It has not been possible in the present study to demonstrate that one of these properties consists in delaying the growth of pneumococci.

scholarly journals LOCALIZATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI IN THE LUNGS OF PARTIALLY IMMUNIZED MICE FOLLOWING INHALATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest G. Stillman ◽  
Arnold Branch
Keyword(s):  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Pulmonary Lesions ◽  
Normal Horse Serum

1. When mice are passively immunized by the intraperitoneal injection of antipneumococcus horse serum or actively by the injection of heat-killed pneumococcus cultures, and are then alcoholized and sprayed with a culture of pneumococci of the same type as that of the bacteria employed in immunization, a considerable number die with localized lesions in the lungs. 2. If instead of injecting immune serum of the type corresponding to that of the bacteria employed in producing the infection, normal horse serum or immune serum of a heterologous type be injected, or if the animals be previously immunized by the injection of killed pneumococci of a heterologous type, none of the animals which die show any evidence of localization of the infection in the lung. 3. The occurrence of pulmonary lesions in alcoholized mice after spraying with a culture of pneumococci is the consequence of a general immunity of a very mild grade.

scholarly journals THERAPEUTIC EXPERIMENTS WITH ROSENOW'S ANTIPOLIOMYELITIC SERUM

1918 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Amoss ◽  
Frederick Eberson
Keyword(s):  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Two series of experiments are described in which Rosenow's anti-poliomyelitic serum, so called, has been compared with the immune serum derived from monkeys which have convalesced or recovered from experimental poliomyelitis. The experiments consisted in introducing an active virus of polio-myelitis into the blood and of injecting the two kinds of serum into the cerebrospinal meninges according to the method of Flexner and Amoss. Under the conditions of the experiment, the control monkeys (a) receiving the virus intravenously alone do not develop paralysis, while those (b) receiving the virus intravenously and normal horse serum intraspinally develop paralysis. Moreover, the monkeys (c) receiving the virus intravenously and Rosenow's antipoliomyelitic serum intraspinally develop paralysis in the manner of those receiving normal horse serum intraspinally. The monkeys (d) which received the virus intravenously and the convalescent or immune monkey serum intraspinally alone did not develop paralysis. The Rosenow serum acts in the manner of normal horse serum; it promotes the passage of the virus of poliomyelitis from the blood into the nervous organs, and it does not protect from infection. We have found no evidence that Rosenow's serum under the conditions of the tests is effective therapeutically in monkeys or possesses antibodies of the same nature as those present in the blood of monkeys which have recovered from experimental poliomyelitis. Since the antibodies in convalescent poliomyelitic serum in man and the monkey are identical, it follows that any antibodies present in the Rosenow horse serum do not conform to those occurring in human convalescent serum.

scholarly journals SERUM SICKNESS IN RABBITS

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mover S. Fleisher ◽  
Lloyd Jones
Keyword(s):  
Large Dose ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Serum Sickness ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Single Large Dose

1. The injection of a single large dose of normal horse serum into rabbits results in the appearance 3 to 8 days later of erythematous and edematous reactions on the ears in 68.9 per cent of the animals. 2. The injections may be given by any of several routes and reactions appear when the site of injection is definitely distant from the ears. 3. Injections of various antisera into rabbits cause the appearance of similar reactions. 4. These reactions can be considered as manifestations of serum sickness in rabbits.

scholarly journals Whole Transcriptome Profiling Identifies CD93 and Other Plasma Cell Survival Factor Genes Associated with Measles-Specific Antibody Response after Vaccination

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. e0160970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iana H. Haralambieva ◽  
Michael T. Zimmermann ◽  
Inna G. Ovsyannikova ◽  
Diane E. Grill ◽  
Ann L. Oberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Plasma Cell ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Survival Factor ◽  
Whole Transcriptome ◽  
Cell Survival Factor
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