scholarly journals LOCALIZATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI IN THE LUNGS OF PARTIALLY IMMUNIZED MICE FOLLOWING INHALATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest G. Stillman ◽  
Arnold Branch
Keyword(s):  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Pulmonary Lesions ◽  
Normal Horse Serum

1. When mice are passively immunized by the intraperitoneal injection of antipneumococcus horse serum or actively by the injection of heat-killed pneumococcus cultures, and are then alcoholized and sprayed with a culture of pneumococci of the same type as that of the bacteria employed in immunization, a considerable number die with localized lesions in the lungs. 2. If instead of injecting immune serum of the type corresponding to that of the bacteria employed in producing the infection, normal horse serum or immune serum of a heterologous type be injected, or if the animals be previously immunized by the injection of killed pneumococci of a heterologous type, none of the animals which die show any evidence of localization of the infection in the lung. 3. The occurrence of pulmonary lesions in alcoholized mice after spraying with a culture of pneumococci is the consequence of a general immunity of a very mild grade.

scholarly journals THE PASSAGE OF MENINGOCOCCIC AGGLUTININS FROM THE BLOOD TO THE SPINAL FLUID OF THE MONKEY

1919 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 597-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Amoss ◽  
Frederick Eberson
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Spinal Canal ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Agglutination Reaction ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Intraspinal Injection

Agglutinins for the meningococcus were not found in the spinal fluid of normal monkeys which had received antimeningococcic serum intravenously. The intraspinal injection of isotonic salt solution, normal horse serum, or a culture of living meningococci allows agglutinins for the meningococcus to pass from the blood to the spinal fluid of the passively immunized monkey; and the rate of the passage is affected by the severity of the inflammation induced in the meninges. The rates of elimination from the blood and spinal canal of meningococcic antibodies, as shown by the agglutination reaction, were compared in monkeys treated with immune serum (a) intraspinally, (b) intravenously, and (c) intraspinally and intravenously in combination. (a) When immune serum is given intraspinally the agglutinins are very much diminished after 8 hours and practically disappear at 12 hours. They appear in the blood at the 4th hour after injection and quickly diminish. (b) After intravenous injection of immune serum, when the meninges are inflamed, agglutinins appear in the spinal fluid in small amounts in about 12 hours and increase to the 25th hour. More than one-half of the agglutinins disappear from the blood within 8 hours and remain in low concentration at 25 hours. (c) After combined intraspinal and intravenous injection the agglutinins remain in higher concentration in the spinal fluid and for a longer time than by method (a) or (b). The curve descends after 12 hours, and agglutinins are present at 25 hours. They remain in maximum concentration in the blood for 25 hours.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON VIRULENCE

1932 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd D. Felton
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Antibody Solution ◽  
Transfer Device ◽  
Made In

From the study of different tissue extracts as media for the growth of pneumococci used in an automatic transfer device, certain inferences are warranted: 1. Media made from calf lung or heart, or from horse skeletal muscle maintain virulence over a long period of time. Conversely, media made from calf spleen lead to a decrease in virulence. 2. Lung medium causes an increase in virulence of seven strains of pneumococci. 3. Virulence is maintained in normal horse serum; but, it rapidly decreases in immune serum, or in pneumococcus antibody solution, a finding which confirms the work of Stryker. Immune serum freed from protective antibody gives results similar to normal serum. 4. Rabbit medium made from the entire animal apparently is less suitable for the maintenance of virulence of pneumococci than medium made in the same way from guinea pig.

scholarly journals ENHANCEMENT OF THE OPSONIZING AND AGGLUTINATING POWERS OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM BY SPECIFIC PRECIPITATING SERUM

1920 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida W. Pritchett
Keyword(s):  
Horse Serum ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Serum Type

1. No demonstrable antiopsonins are formed in rabbits following the intravenous injection of monovalent pneumococcus horse sera, Types I, II, and III. 2. The serum of rabbits injected with immune pneumococcus horse serum, Type I, II, or III, or with normal horse serum, when mixed in the proportion of 1:4 with Type I or Type II pneumococcus horse serum, can greatly augment, in vitro, the opsonization and agglutination of Type I and Type II pneumococci by the homologous immune horse sera. No similar effect is obtained with Type III serum and pneumococci. 3. The increase in opsonization and agglutination is dependent upon (a) specific sensitization of the pneumococci by the homologous immune serum and (b) the presence of the precipitating serum. In the absence of sensitization, as when a heterologous or normal horse serum is employed, opsonization and agglutination do not occur, even though a precipitating mixture is provided. The substitution of normal rabbit serum for the precipitating rabbit serum gives opsonization and agglutination in dilutions slightly higher than are effected with salt solution only, due possibly to the more favorable medium created for the leucocytes by the addition of 25 per cent of whole rabbit serum. 4. Different methods of combining the immune horse serum, precipitating rabbit serum, and pneumococci yield very similar results, preliminary sensitization of the bacteria before precipitation, or precipitation in the rabbit-horse serum mixture before the addition of the pneumococci for sensitization causing little if any difference in result from that obtained when immune horse serum, precipitating rabbit serum, and pneumococci are all mixed and incubated together. 5. This increased opsonization in the test-tube does not seem to be paralleled by increased protective power, or at any rate such protection is not readily demonstrated.

scholarly journals THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN THE HUMAN BEING AFTER INJECTION WITH NORMAL HORSE SERUM

1929 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Tuft ◽  
Susan Griffith Ramsdell
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Serum Sickness ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Circulating Antibodies

After the injection of normal horse serum in the human being, serum sickness occurs even more regularly than in cases treated with the various immune sera, but this is not accompanied by the production, to any notable degree, of circulating antibodies of the various types that are regularly to be demonstrated after the administration of immune serum and its resulting serum sickness. Since normal horse serum therefore appears to be weakly antigenic, and immune serum highly antigenic for the human being, one must assume that this difference is the result of some alteration in its antigenic characteristics produced during the course of the immunization or of its preparation for use; or that the specific antibody which is responsible for the phenomenon of serum sickness has not yet been identified; or that this phenomenon is not in any way dependent on the presence of the various known antibodies to normal horse serum.

scholarly journals A STUDY BY THE SINGLE CELL METHOD OF THE INFLUENCE OF HOMOLOGOUS ANTIPNEUMOCOCCIC SERUM ON THE GROWTH RATE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Blister Fluid ◽  
Cell Method ◽  
Normal Horse Serum

1. Under the conditions stated pneumococci grow as readily in the serum of horses highly immunized to the homologous organism as they do in normal horse serum, and the rate of growth is not appreciably diminished. 2. This failure of immune serum to affect the growth rate is not altered when fresh rabbit blood, fresh human blood, or rabbit blister fluid is added in order to supply any hypothetical complement which might be lacking. 3. We have not been able to show that when immune horse serum is injected intravenously into rabbits or intraperitoneally into mice, it acquires the property of killing pneumococci or inhibiting their growth. 4. Experimental evidence has been obtained indicating that in the peritoneal cavity of the passively immunized mouse the growth of extracellular pneumococci continues at apparently the normal rate, until the bacteria are engulfed by phagocytes. 5. The immunizing and protective power of antipneumococcic serum probably depends, in part at least, on properties which are not at present known. It has not been possible in the present study to demonstrate that one of these properties consists in delaying the growth of pneumococci.

scholarly journals THERAPEUTIC EXPERIMENTS WITH ROSENOW'S ANTIPOLIOMYELITIC SERUM

1918 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Amoss ◽  
Frederick Eberson
Keyword(s):  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Two series of experiments are described in which Rosenow's anti-poliomyelitic serum, so called, has been compared with the immune serum derived from monkeys which have convalesced or recovered from experimental poliomyelitis. The experiments consisted in introducing an active virus of polio-myelitis into the blood and of injecting the two kinds of serum into the cerebrospinal meninges according to the method of Flexner and Amoss. Under the conditions of the experiment, the control monkeys (a) receiving the virus intravenously alone do not develop paralysis, while those (b) receiving the virus intravenously and normal horse serum intraspinally develop paralysis. Moreover, the monkeys (c) receiving the virus intravenously and Rosenow's antipoliomyelitic serum intraspinally develop paralysis in the manner of those receiving normal horse serum intraspinally. The monkeys (d) which received the virus intravenously and the convalescent or immune monkey serum intraspinally alone did not develop paralysis. The Rosenow serum acts in the manner of normal horse serum; it promotes the passage of the virus of poliomyelitis from the blood into the nervous organs, and it does not protect from infection. We have found no evidence that Rosenow's serum under the conditions of the tests is effective therapeutically in monkeys or possesses antibodies of the same nature as those present in the blood of monkeys which have recovered from experimental poliomyelitis. Since the antibodies in convalescent poliomyelitic serum in man and the monkey are identical, it follows that any antibodies present in the Rosenow horse serum do not conform to those occurring in human convalescent serum.

scholarly journals THE DEMONSTRATION OF LESIONS AND VIRUS IN THE LUNGS OF MICE RECEIVING LARGE INTRA-PERITONEAL INOCULATIONS OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS

1938 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 953-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Rickard ◽  
Thomas Francis
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Regional Lymph Nodes ◽  
Intranasal Infection ◽  
Pulmonary Lesions ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Subcutaneous Inoculation ◽  
Intraperitoneal Inoculation

Following the intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with large doses of epidemic influenza virus (50,000 to 1 million intranasal M.L.D.) it can be recovered from the lungs in high concentration, and pulmonary lesions of moderate extent may be observed. The virus reaches its highest titer in the lungs 48 to 72 hours after intraperitoneal injection and may persist for 10 days. Virus may be recovered from the blood in the first 24 hours, but is readily detected in the omentum and peritoneum for 5 to 6 days. Mice which as a result of the intraperitoneal injection of virus show a high concentration of virus in the lungs do not die but become solidly immune to intranasal infection. Moreover, as early as 24 to 48 hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of large amounts of virus the animals may exhibit resistance to infection with fatal doses of virus given intranasally. Influenza virus given intravenously to mice is rapidly removed from the blood but persists in the lungs and induces pulmonary lesions. Virus can also be recovered from the liver for several days. With subcutaneous inoculation of influenza virus, however, the virus does not reach the blood or lungs in detectable amounts although the regional lymph nodes may yield considerable quantities of the agent. A brief consideration is presented of the mechanisms of infection and resistance which may be involved.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE PHOTOCHEMICAL DESPECIATION OF HORSE SERUM

1942 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Phosphotungstic Acid ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Antigenic Specificity ◽  
Residual Content ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Normal Horse Serum

1. Normal horse serum was irradiated for periods of 3 to 4 days, with visible light or with ultraviolet light of known intensity and wave length. The photosensitizer hematoporphyrin was employed in some instances. The serum was exposed to the air in thin layers, and thoroughly agitated throughout irradiation. 2. The irradiated sera were unchanged in color, and over 90 per cent of the original protein content remained precipitable by phosphotungstic acid. 3. Studies of the antigenicity of the sera were carried out on guinea pigs and rabbits. Fresh antigenicities of deviated specificity and of an activity of the order of 1/50th, 1/1,000th, and less than 1/20,000th that of normal horse serum were obtained. The residual content of material having the same antigenic specificity as normal horse serum was estimated as approximately equivalent in activity to dilutions of normal horse serum of 1 cc., 1/10 cc., and less than 1/100 cc. per litre respectively.

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