scholarly journals MATERIAL FROM LYMPH NODES

1929 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude E. Forkner
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Mass

1. Lymph nodes from all parts of the body have been studied in a series of 58 rabbits. All of these studies have been on normal animals or on animals in which there were no specific pathologic lesions of the lymph nodes. 2. The supravital method of studying living cells has been employed together with the method of fixed sections. A correlation of the findings with these two methods is made. 3. Lymph nodes from different parts of the body possess marked differences in their cytology. 4. Developing monocytes have been found as normal constituents of all the lymph nodes of the rabbit except the mesenteric mass lying in the mesentery at the lower border of the stomach. When present the monocytes occur in varying numbers being most abundant in the more superficial nodes, particularly in the popliteal group, where they may constitute one-third to one-half of the total cells present. 5. The position of the developing monocytes in the lymph node is believed to be chiefly in the perifollicular area without definite relationship to the lymph sinuses. In some instances they are also found in the follicle itself or scattered in the medullary area. More accurate knowledge on this point must await further study. 6. During the first hours of life the monocytes are present in the lymph nodes in the same relationship as in the adult animal. 7. The monocytes are not normally present in the efferent lymphatics draining the popliteal nodes and are not normally present in the thoracic duct. It is suggested that the monocytes being extravascular in origin, enter the blood stream by means of their own motility in much the same manner as the granular leucocytes gain admission to the circulating blood. Unequivocal proof of this point can be obtained only by further investigation. 8. Many of the lymphoid cells of the lymph nodes have shown a definite division of cytoplasm into ectoplasm and endoplasm. The mitochondria and neutral red bodies are sharply limited to the less basophilic endoplasm. 9. Eosinophils are found in great numbers in the mediastinal lymph nodes and are less numerous in the mesenteric and superficial nodes. 10. Clasmatocytes are found in great numbers in the mesenteric lymph nodes where they are concentrated particularly in the medullary areas. They are also present in the spleen. They are much less numerous in other lymphoid tissue. 11. Several cell types not previously described are found to be normal constituents of a large percentage of normal rabbit lymph nodes. 12. Primitive cells are found throughout the lymphoid tissue, but are in greater numbers in the area of the germ center of the follicle. 13. No evidence of erythropoiesis could be found in normal lymph nodes. 14. The spleen and bone marrow in this series of animals have not been normally concerned to any significant degree in the formation and development of monocytes. 15. Further experiments are necessary to demonstrate conclusively whether or not the lymph nodes, other than the mesenteric group, are normally the exclusive source of the monocytes of blood.

scholarly journals THE PERSISTENCE IN MICE OF CERTAIN FOREIGN PROTEINS AND AZOPROTEIN TRACER-ANTIGENS DERIVED FROM THEM

1951 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. McMaster ◽  
Heinz Kruse
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Deep Blue ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Antigenic Proteins ◽  
Foreign Proteins

Methods have been devised whereby the persistence of foreign antigens in mice can be detected. A highly diffusible, blue azo dye, echt-säure-blau was coupled to bovine γ-globulin and human serum albumin and injected into the animals. In this way deep blue tracer antigens were obtained. These were promptly stored in cells widely distributed throughout the body, especially in the reticulo-endothelial elements of the liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. The dye as such was not stored but rapidly excreted. A blue coloration in the organs just mentioned was still perceptible after 85 to 120 days in the case of the azoglobulin and 36 to 44 days in that of the azoalbumin. To determine whether these substances had actually persisted, as well as to learn how long uncoupled globulin and albumin remained after injection, recourse was had to the phenomenon of reversed passive anaphylaxis, which was found to be characterized by extraordinary changes in the vessels of the ears (EVR) in the mouse, plainly visible under the microscope when called forth by an antiserum specific for the antigen to which the animal had been sensitized. So sensitive is the vascular response that as little as 0.5 to 0.1 µg. of protein as antigen, previously injected into the peritoneal cavity of a 30 gm. mouse, can be detected a few days later by an intravenous injection of antiserum. By means of the EVR the globulin antigen has been detected in the blood and livers of injected mice for as long as 56 and 101 days, respectively; the albumin and azoalbumin for only 21 and 36 days. In the mesenteric lymph nodes of injected mice the albumin and azoalbumin antigens were found after 42 and 44 days, respectively. The hepatic tissue and that of the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice injected with azoalbumin, containing in consequence stored blue material, when transferred to recipient mice yielded positive tests for antigen (EVR) as long as blue color could be perceived in these tissues with the unaided eye, or at low magnification. After the color had disappeared from the tissues the transfer tests were found to be negative. This fact speaks for the antigenicity of the colored material. In summary it is plain that certain antigenic proteins, after introduction into the blood stream of mice, are stored in certain tissues and that they may persist there for weeks or even months, far longer than has generally been supposed. This persistence of antigen within the body, especially after detectable amounts of antigen have apparently disappeared from the blood, provides a reason for prolonged antibody formation, a phenomenon for which no adequate explanation has hereto been offered.

scholarly journals Angiogenesis in Lymph Nodes Is a Critical Regulator of Immune Response and Lymphoma Growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Menzel ◽  
Uta E. Höpken ◽  
Armin Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Angiogenic Growth Factors ◽  
High Endothelial Venules ◽  
Vessel Growth

Tumor-induced remodeling of the microenvironment in lymph nodes (LNs) includes the formation of blood vessels, which goes beyond the regulation of metabolism, and shaping a survival niche for tumor cells. In contrast to solid tumors, which primarily rely on neo-angiogenesis, hematopoietic malignancies usually grow within pre-vascularized autochthonous niches in secondary lymphatic organs or the bone marrow. The mechanisms of vascular remodeling in expanding LNs during infection-induced responses have been studied in more detail; in contrast, insights into the conditions of lymphoma growth and lodging remain enigmatic. Based on previous murine studies and clinical trials in human, we conclude that there is not a universal LN-specific angiogenic program applicable. Instead, signaling pathways that are tightly connected to autochthonous and infiltrating cell types contribute variably to LN vascular expansion. Inflammation related angiogenesis within LNs relies on dendritic cell derived pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulating vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) expression in fibroblastic reticular cells, which in turn triggers vessel growth. In high-grade B cell lymphoma, angiogenesis correlates with poor prognosis. Lymphoma cells immigrate and grow in LNs and provide pro-angiogenic growth factors themselves. In contrast to infectious stimuli that impact on LN vasculature, they do not trigger the typical inflammatory and hypoxia-related stroma-remodeling cascade. Blood vessels in LNs are unique in selective recruitment of lymphocytes via high endothelial venules (HEVs). The dissemination routes of neoplastic lymphocytes are usually disease stage dependent. Early seeding via the blood stream requires the expression of the homeostatic chemokine receptor CCR7 and of L-selectin, both cooperate to facilitate transmigration of tumor and also of protective tumor-reactive lymphocytes via HEV structures. In this view, the HEV route is not only relevant for lymphoma cell homing, but also for a continuous immunosurveillance. We envision that HEV functional and structural alterations during lymphomagenesis are not only key to vascular remodeling, but also impact on tumor cell accessibility when targeted by T cell–mediated immunotherapies.

scholarly journals THE ORIGIN OF MONOCYTES IN CERTAIN LYMPH NODES AND THEIR GENETIC RELATION TO OTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude E. Forkner
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Peripheral Lymph ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells

1. The theories for the origin of monocytes from myeloblasts, lymphocytes, endothelium, macrophages, and primitive cells are reviewed and considered. 2. Monocytes in all stages of development have been demonstrated to be present constantly in large numbers in all the lymph nodes of the body, except in the large mesenteric group. 3. The relations of these cells to undifferentiated cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and endothelium are described. 4. The origin of adult monocytes from primitive undifferentiated cells through the stages of monoblasts and pre-monocytes is described and illustrated. 5. The demonstration in certain lymph nodes of innumerable monocytes in all stages of development permits of a shifting of the term "monoblast" from a more or less theoretical name to its proper place as a term designating that particular cell which is derived from a primitive undifferentiated cell and which is the immediate precursor of the pre-monocyte. 6. The term "pre-monocyte" is proposed to designate the intermediate stage between the monoblast and the mature monocyte. 7. Evidence is advanced to show that monocytes are an independent strain of cells, but that under physiological conditions they may be transformed into macrophages, this representing at least one way in which the latter cells normally are produced. 8. In no organs or tissues other than in certain specific lymph nodes, chiefly the peripheral group, can one constantly find monocytes in all stages of development. 9. Developing monocytes occasionally may be found in small numbers in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, subcutaneous connective tissues, lungs, and omenta of normal rabbits, but their presence is by no means constant and their numbers are insignificant in comparison with those found in the peripheral lymph nodes. 10. Monocytes and pre-monocytes do not stain by the common methods used for the demonstration of the reticulo-endothelial system and therefore must be considered for the present as independent of this system, except in so far as monocytes may be transformed into macrophages. 11. Plasma cells, stained with the supravital technique, as seen in lymph nodes, are described. No basis has been found for the theory that plasma cells and monocytes are closely related structural elements.

scholarly journals The source of fatty acids incorporated into proliferating lymphoid cells in immune-stimulated lymph nodes

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline M. Pond ◽  
Christine A. Mattacks
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

To explore the hypothesis that proliferating lymphoid cells in immune-stimulated lymph nodes obtain nutrients locally from adjacent adipose tissue, adult guinea pigs were fed for 6 weeks on standard chow or on chow supplemented with 100 g suet, sunflower oil or fish oi/g. All the guinea pigs ate standard chow for the last 5 d, during which swelling of one popliteal lymph node was stimulated by repeated local injection of lipopolysaccharide. The fatty acid compositions of phospholipids in both popliteal and in several mesenteric lymph nodes, and of triacylglycerols in eleven samples of adipose tissue defined by their anatomical relations to lymph nodes, were determined by GC. The proportions of fatty acids in the phospholipids extracted from the stimulated popliteal node correlated best with those of triacylglycerols in the surrounding adipocytes, less strongly with those of adipocytes elsewhere in depots associated with lymphoid tissue, but not with those of nodeless depots. The composition of triacylglycerols in the perinodal adipose tissue changed under local immune stimulation. We conclude that proliferating lymphoid cells in activated lymph nodes obtain fatty acids mainly from the triacylglycerols in adjacent perinodal adipose tissue. Immune stimulation prompts changes in the fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerols of adipocytes in node-containing depots that equip the adipose tissue for provisioning immune responses. Such local interactions show that specialised adipocytes can act as an interface between whole-body and cellular nutrition, and may explain why mammalian adipose tissue is partitioned into a few large and many small depots.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IN THE REJECTION OF HOMOGRAFTS: A STUDY OF LYMPH FROM RENAL TRANSPLANTS

1970 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
pp. 936-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels C. Pedersen ◽  
Bede Morris
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Kidney Graft ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
Renal Lymph ◽  
Peritubular Capillaries ◽  
Blast Cells

The rejection of renal homografts has been studied in sheep by transplanting kidneys into the neck and preserving the renal lymphatic drainage intact. Chronic fistulae were established in the transplanted renal lymphatics and lymph collected throughout the life of the graft. The changes that occurred in homografts during the process of rejection were reflected in changes in the lymph. Large numbers of basophilic, blast, lymphoid cells appeared in the lymph, and lymph production in the grafted kidney increased 20–50 fold. Over a period of about 10 days, up to 60 g wet weight of lymphoid cells and up to 10 liters of lymph were collected from the graft. Within 24 hr of grafting, the host cells present in the renal lymph had become sensitized to the graft and transformed into blast cells when cultivated in Millipore chambers in vitro. When the cells leaving the graft during the first 18–48 hr were injected into distant nonstimulated lymph nodes of the host sheep, they evoked significant cellular and antibody responses in the nodes. Within the graft, the main pathological changes were found in the vascular endothelium and many of the peritubular capillaries become plugged with emboli comprised of blast cells. There was extensive infiltration of the renal parenchyma with lymphoid cells and evidence of their transformation and proliferation within the renal blood capillaries. When all the lymph and cells leaving the homograft were diverted from the body, there was a greatly decreased reaction in the regional prescapular lymph node, and no reaction in lymph nodes distant from the graft. In these circumstances, the survival of the graft was not prolonged, and it was rejected without involvement of the lymph nodes of the host. Humoral antibody was produced in the lymph node regional to the homograft within 48–60 hr of grafting. Antibody was not detected in the blood or in the renal lymph until near to the time the graft was rejected. It was thought that this was due to the binding of antibody by the kidney graft tissue. We conclude that all the events which lead to the recognition and rejection of renal homografts can occur centrally within the graft itself.

The structure of the thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes of newborn rats as a result of the prenatal influence of ethanol

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Vladimirovich Pugach ◽  
Sergey Vladimirovich Kruglov ◽  
Natalia Rafailovna Karelina ◽  
Dmitriy Vitalievich Breusenko ◽  
Stepan Yurevich Bazhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph

The present study was undertaken to examine the structural features of the thymus and cranial mesenteric lymph nodes of newborn rats that have occurred as a result of antenatal alcohol intoxication. We used a set of morphometric, anatomical and histological methods. A study of the cranial mesenteric lymph nodes performed on 45 newborn rats born to 18 female mongrel white rats seven months of age. The studies were conducted in compliance with the order of the Ministry of Health of the USSR N 755 from 12.08.1977 and the order of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the USSR from 13.11.1984, "On the rules of work with experimental animals". Females, on which was received investigated offspring exposed to 15 % ethanol as the sole source of fluid for 1 week, one and three months before pregnancy, during pregnancy and after its completion. It is shown that depending on the duration of pregravid exposure to ethanol occur progredient changes in the structure of the thymus and cranial mesenteric lymph nodes. In the thymus, as well as in the lymph nodes, decreases the number of lymphoid cells and stromal elements content increases. In lymph nodes there are significant changes in the structure of the sinus system. The severity of the identified morphological changes due to the duration of the effects of alcohol on the system "mother-placenta-fetus”.

scholarly journals Fulminant Liver Failure with Necrotizing Foci in the Liver, Spleen and Lymph Nodes in Celiac Disease Due to Malignant Lymphoma

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh James Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Liver Failure ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Spleen And Lymph Nodes

A 65-year-old female with celiac disease developed cholestatic jaundice and fatal liver failure. Investigations revealed widespread necrotic foci in the liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes, changes reminiscent of the mesenteric lymph node cavitation syndrome, which is known to complicate celiac disease. In addition, malignant lymphoid cells were present infiltrating hepatic sinusoids, lymph nodes and spleen. These features are typical of hepatosplenic lymphoma, a rare type of peripheral T cell lymphoma with T cell receptor rearrangement. Lymphorecticular malignancy complicating celiac disease may present with fulminant liver disease.

scholarly journals A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF TYPHOID FEVER

1898 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Mallory
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Intestinal Lymphoid Tissue

The typhoid bacillus produces a mild diffusible toxine, partly within the intestinal tract, partly within the blood and organs of the body. This toxine produces proliferation of endothelial cells which acquire for a certain length of time malignant properties. The new-formed cells are epithelioid in character, have irregular, lightly staining, eccentrically situated nuclei, abundant, sharply defined, acidophilic protoplasm, and are characterized by marked phagocytic properties. These phagocytic cells are produced most abundantly along the line of absorption from the intestinal tract, both in the lymphatic apparatus and in the blood-vessels. They are also produced by distribution of the toxine through the general circulation, in greatest numbers where the circulation is slowest. Finally, they are produced all over the body in the lymphatic spaces and vessels by absorption of the toxine eliminated from the blood-vessels. The swelling of the intestinal lymphoid tissue of the mesenteric lymph nodes, and of the spleen is due almost entirely to the formation of phagocytic cells. The necrosis of the intestinal lymphoid tissue is accidental in nature and is caused through occlusion of the veins and capillaries by fibrinous thrombi, which owe their origin to degeneration of phagocytic cells beneath the lining endothelium of the vessels. Two varieties of focal lesions occur in the liver: one consists of the formation of phagocytic cells in the lymph spaces and vessels around the portal vessels under the action of the toxine absorbed by the lymphatics; the other is due to obstruction of liver capillaries by phagocytic cells derived in small part from the lining endothelium of the liver capillaries, but chiefly by embolism through the portal circulation of cells originating from the endothelium of the blood-vessels of the intestine and spleen. The liver cells lying between the occluded capillaries undergo necrosis and disappear. Later the foci of cells degenerate and fibrin forms between them. Invasion with polymorphonuclear leucocytes is rare. Many of the phagocytic cells pass through the liver and lungs, and get into the general circulation. A few come from the abdominal lymphatics through the thoracic duct.

Immunophenotype of Cells within Cervine Rectoanal Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes

2012 ◽  
Vol 146 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Dagleish ◽  
J. Finlayson ◽  
P.J. Steele ◽  
Y. Pang ◽  
S. Hamilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph
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