scholarly journals THE MOVEMENT OF ELECTROLYTES AND OF WATER IN SURVIVING TISSUE OF THE LIVER

1960 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Broome ◽  
Eugene L. Opie

When liver slices immediately after their removal from the body are immersed in graded solutions of sodium chloride, movement of water does not follow a course determined by movement of sodium ions. From hypotonic solutions sodium enters slowly and swelling proceeds rapidly but with increasing concentration entrance of sodium increases and swelling diminishes in accord with the osmotic relations between tissue and the medium. The extracellular fluid of liver has the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma, and entrance of water into liver slices from media with greater molar concentration is determined by the intracellular pressure of the parenchymatous cells of the tissue. The plasma membrane of the liver cell is semipermeable to electrolytes but its semipermeability is imperfect, may be impaired, and when in media isotonic with the cells some of the electrolyte enters them. With continued entrance permeability to both electrolyte and water increases and in case of sodium become evident after 15 or 20 minutes. A medium more favorable to the tissue prolongs the period of isotonicity. In solutions with electrolytes otherwise similar to those of the blood plasma, e.g. Krebs-Ringer solution, but with molar concentration of electrolytes approximately doubled by addition of sodium chloride isotonicity may be prolonged during a period of 1 hour or more. When potassium chloride is added to the Krebs-Ringer solution so that its potassium content has been increased 10-fold the water intake of liver cells has not varied in accord with the potassium content of the medium. In a medium with the electrolyte contents of blood plasma (Krebs-Ringer solution) liver cells after 1 hour gain sodium and lose potassium, but later potassium maintains a nearly constant level though swelling increases. Less sodium enters and less potassium is lost from liver cells at 0°C. than at 38° and 0°C. swelling is greater. Movement of water between cells and extracellular fluid may occur independently of changes in the sodium or of potassium content of cells and doubtless is in part determined by substances associated with metabolism.

1956 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 897-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene L. Opie

Immersion of tissue slices of liver or of kidney in buffered Krebs-Ringer solution at 38°, with oxygenation, gives opportunity for the study of water exchange during 3 hours following removal of the tissue from the body. Under these conditions a wide variety of physical and chemical agents cause changes in the permeability of the tissue to water, which are referable to the cells of the part; these agents include increased temperature, anoxia, ethyl alcohol, chloroform, bacteria, and bacterial products. With heating of liver tissue increased permeability reaches a maximum at 50 to 52°C. and is lost at 55° when heat coagulation has occurred. Permeability of liver cells has increased in the presence of cultures of colon bacilli, of culture filtrate, of killed typhoid bacilli and apparently of diphtheria toxin. Somatic antigen from paradysentery bacilli has caused increased permeability of liver cells. The experiments indicate that a substance formed by normal metabolism, namely urea, may, under some conditions, increase the permeability of liver cells.


1949 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene L. Opie

During the initial period following immersion of parenchymatous cells of liver, kidney, or pancreas in various fluids immediately after their removal from the body water exchange is like that which occurs when water passes by osmosis through a semipermeable membrane; intake of water is proportional to the square root of the elapsed time and when liver tissue is immersed in solutions of sodium chloride movement of water is approximately proportional to the concentration of the solution. Solutions of sodium chloride isotonic for parenchymatous cells of liver have twice the molar concentration of sodium chloride in the blood serum; for those of the kidney slightly less than twice and for those of the pancreas three times this concentration. When interstitial tissue of thymus, omentum, or pancreas is immersed in water, it undergoes edema-like swelling caused by hydration of the colloids of the fibrous tissue; quantitative water exchange in an initial period accords with water movement by osmosis and is proportional to the square root of the elapsed time. Solutions of sodium chloride isotonic for fibrous tissue of the omentum have slightly greater molar concentration than the sodium chloride in the blood serum and for that of the thymus approximately the same as that of blood serum. Sodium chloride produces changes in fibrous tissue which increase with increasing concentration its power to hold water; the dense fibrous tissue of the corium of the skin and of the wall of the aorta takes up water in both weak an strong solutions of sodium chloride. The initial movement of water induced in tissues in the period immediately following removal from the body is dependent upon forces which are active during life but soon impaired by injury to the tissues. The molar concentration of the contents of secreting cells is greater than that of the blood serum and of the fluid surrounding them. These conditions are favorable to the passage of water from the tissue spaces to the cells.


1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (4) ◽  
pp. R429-R443 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Kirschner

Sodium chloride transfer across isolated frog skin is described by the well-known Koefoed Johnsen-Ussing (KU) model, the central features of which are 1) a two-step, active, inward transport of Na+, and 2) passive cotransfer of Cl-, which is coupled electrically to Na+ movement under open-circuit conditions. However, NaCl absorption by the frog skin in vivo involves active inward transport of both ions by completely independent systems. Electrical neutrality is maintained by countertransfer of H+ (exchanged for Na+) and HCO-3 (exchanged for Cl-). This behavior is called the Krogh (KR) model. The KU and KR models share some features, notably amiloride sensitivity and participation of the Na+-K+-ATPase in Na+ transport, but the differences between them are fundamental. The latter appear to be due to the use of different experimental conditions. Intact frogs are usually studied in dilute (approximatley 1 mM) external solutions, while Ringer solution is used in most work on isolated skins. The skin is virtually impermeable to Cl- in dilute external media but permeable in Ringer solution. This concentration-dependent change in PCl can explain most of the differences between KU and KR models. Regulation of blood NaCl concentration in freshwater aquatic animals requires active uptake of both Na+ and Cl-. Data on representatives of four phyla show that the KR model describes the transport behavior in all of them. Such similarities in unrelated animals suggest that the transport mechanisms evolved very early in marine ancestors of modern freshwater forms. The implications of this suggestion are considered.


2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Setchell

Various barriers in the testis may prevent hormones from readily reaching the cells they are supposed to stimulate, especially the hydrophilic hormones from the pituitary. For example, LH must pass through or between the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels to reach the surface of the Leydig cells, and FSH has the additional barrier of the peritubular myoid cells before it reaches the Sertoli cells. The specialised junctions between pairs of Sertoli cells would severely restrict the passage of peptides from blood to the luminal fluid and therefore to the cells inside this barrier, such as the later spermatocytes and spermatids. There is evidence in the literature that radioactively labelled LH does not pass readily into the testis from the blood, and the concentration of native LH in the interstitial extracellular fluid surrounding the Leydig cells in rats is only about one-fifth of that in blood plasma. Furthermore, after injection with LHRH, there are large rises in LH in the blood within 15 min, at which time the Leydig cells have already responded by increasing their content of testosterone, but with no significant change in the concentration of LH in the interstitial extracellular fluid. Either the Leydig cells respond to very small changes in LH, or the testicular endothelial cells in some way mediate the response of the Leydig cells to LH, for which there is now some evidence from co-cultures of endothelial and Leydig cells. The lipophilic steroid hormones, such as testosterone, which are produced by the Leydig cells, have actions within the seminiferous tubules in the testis but also in other parts of the body. They should pass more readily through cells than the hydrophilic peptides; however, the concentration of testosterone in the fluid inside the seminiferous tubules is less than in the interstitial extracellular fluid in the testis, especially after stimulation by LH released after injection of LHRH and despite the presence inside the tubules of high concentrations of an androgen-binding protein. The concentration of testosterone in testicular venous blood does not rise to the same extent as that in the interstitial extracellular fluid, suggesting that there may also be some restriction to movement of the steroid across the endothelium. There is a very poor correlation between the concentrations of testosterone in fluids from the various compartments of the testis and in peripheral blood plasma. Determination of the testosterone concentration in the whole testis is also probably of little predictive value, because the high concentrations of lipid in the Leydig cells would tend to concentrate testosterone there, and hormones inside these cells are unlikely to have any direct effect on other cells in the testis. The best predictor of testosterone concentrations around cells in the testis is the level of testosterone in testicular venous blood, the collection of which for testosterone analysis is a reasonably simple procedure in experimental animals and should be substituted for tissue sampling. There seems to be no simple way of determining the concentrations of peptide hormones in the vicinity of the testicular cells.


1949 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene L. Opie

When immersed in water cells of hepatomas produced by p-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene (butter yellow) take in less water than liver cells from which they are derived and more rapidly undergo disintegration; cholangiomas produced by butter yellow undergo similar changes. As a result of the injury of the tumor cells by water the osmotic exchange, characteristic of the normal liver cells under the same conditions, is impaired within the initial half hour of immersion. Solutions of sodium chloride isotonic for hepatoma tissue have a concentration approximating 0.16 molar and for cholangioma, 0.2 molar, whereas solutions isotonic for normal liver tissue approximate 0.34 molar. Water exchange of hepatoma and of cholangioma tissue in solutions of sodium chloride of various concentrations deviates from a proportional relation to the concentration more than does normal liver tissue under the same conditions. Water exchange of sarcoma of the subcutaneous tissue produced by benzpyrene when immersed in water resembles that of interstitial fibrous tissue of normal animals, but by the procedures that have been used water exchange of the tumor cells alone has not been measurable. Microscopic examination indicates that the sarcoma cells are as susceptible to injury as those of the other tumors that have been examined. Intake of water by adenofibromas of the subcutaneous tissue is apparently dominated by changes in the dense stroma of the tumor and has the anomalous character of intake bycompact fibrous tissue of the corium of the skin and of the wall of the aorta.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Li ◽  
Justin W. Hicks ◽  
Lihai Yu ◽  
Lise Desjardin ◽  
Laura Morrison ◽  
...  

Abstract Background In molecular imaging with dynamic PET, the binding and dissociation of a targeted tracer is characterized by kinetics modeling which requires the arterial concentration of the tracer to be measured accurately. Once in the body the radiolabeled parent tracer may be subjected to hydrolysis, demethylation/dealkylation and other biochemical processes, resulting in the production and accumulation of different metabolites in blood which can be labeled with the same PET radionuclide as the parent. Since these radio-metabolites cannot be distinguished by PET scanning from the parent tracer, their contribution to the arterial concentration curve has to be removed for the accurate estimation of kinetic parameters from kinetic analysis of dynamic PET. High-performance liquid chromatography has been used to separate and measure radio-metabolites in blood plasma; however, the method is labor intensive and remains a challenge to implement for each individual patient. The purpose of this study is to develop an alternate technique based on thin layer chromatography (TLC) and a sensitive commercial autoradiography system (Beaver, Ai4R, Nantes, France) to measure radio-metabolites in blood plasma of two targeted tracers—[18F]FAZA and [18F]FEPPA, for imaging hypoxia and inflammation, respectively. Results Radioactivity as low as 17 Bq in 2 µL of pig’s plasma can be detected on the TLC plate using autoradiography. Peaks corresponding to the parent tracer and radio-metabolites could be distinguished in the line profile through each sample (n = 8) in the autoradiographic image. Significant intersubject and intra-subject variability in radio-metabolites production could be observed with both tracers. For [18F]FEPPA, 50% of plasma activity was from radio-metabolites as early as 5-min post injection, while for [18F]FAZA, significant metabolites did not appear until 50-min post. Simulation study investigating the effect of radio-metabolite in the estimation of kinetic parameters indicated that 32–400% parameter error can result without radio-metabolites correction. Conclusion TLC coupled with autoradiography is a good alternative to high-performance liquid chromatography for radio-metabolite correction. The advantages of requiring only small blood samples (~ 100 μL) and of analyzing multiple samples simultaneously, make the method suitable for individual dynamic PET studies.


Author(s):  
Shevryakov M.V.

This lecture is devoted to theoretical foundations of blood buffer systems functioning. Biochemical aspects and physiological activity of phosphate, hydrogen carbonate buffer and its combined activity with hemoglobin buffer, which ensures stability of blood pH, are presented. Chemical reactions to achieve the required blood pH are investigated. The combination of buffer properties, one of the components of which is CO2gas and autonomous self-regulation by intracellular hemoglobin ensures the blood plasma pH constancy. Stabilizing systems are considered -the respiratory apparatus and kidneys, which create the possibility of maintaining the stability of extracellular fluid pH. Respiratory acidosis, alkalosis, metabolic acidosis are considered on the biochemical level. This article presents information about hemoglobin structure: heme structure and globin subunits in different typesof hemoglobin. The following mechanismswhich provide maximumoxygen saturation of lungs and maximum oxygen emission in the tissues: heme-hemic interaction, Bohr effect and influence of 2,3-diphospho-glycerate connected with haemoglobin, are considered. The proteinbuffer system has been characterized in the in general. The capacity of the phosphate buffer system has been shown to be close to 1-2% of the whole buffer capacity of the blood and up to 50% of the buffer capacity of urine. The organic phosphates also exhibit buffering activity in the cell. Human and animal organisms can have intracellular pH from 4.5 to 8.5 depending on the type of cells, but the blood pH should be 7.4. This parameter is ensured by the hydrogen carbonate buffer system. Moreover,the blood pH depends not on the absolute concentrations of buffer components but on their ratio. The most powerful is hemoglobin buffer system that accounts for 75% of the whole blood buffer system. For stabilization of buffer capacity, the body uses two other stabilizing systems -the respiratory apparatus and kidneys. At the same time, the compensatory role of the respiratory system has shortcomings. Hyperventilation of lungs causes respiratory alkalosis. Hypoventilation has a counteracting effect by lowering the pH of the blood. Thus, the blood buffer system is ensured by a complex system that allows the organisms to adapt to changes in the fluid medium and regulate the pH under pathological conditions.Key words:homeostasis, hemoglobin, blood, acid-liquid equilibrium. У лекції розглядаються теоретичні основи механізмів дії буферних систем крові. Наводяться біохімічні аспекти та фізіологічна дія фосфатного, гідрогенкарбонатного буфера та його спільна дія з гемоглобіновим буфером, що забезпечує стабільність рН крові. Розглядаються хімічні реакції досягнення необхідного рівня рН крові. Поєднання властивостей буфера, одним з компонентів якого є газ СО2, та автономним саморегулюванням за рахунок внутрішньоклітинного гемоглобіну, забезпечує постійність рН плазми крові. Розглядаються стабілізуючі системи –дихальний апарат та нирки, які створюють можливості підтримання постійності рН позаклітинної рідини. На біохімічному рівні розглядаються дихальні ацидоз, алкалоз, метаболічний ацидоз. У статті представлені відомості про будову гемоглобіну: будову гему та субодиниць глобіну у різних видах гемоглобінів. Розглядаються механізми, що забезпечують максимальне насичення киснем легенів та максимальну віддачу кисню в тканинах: гем-гемова взаємодія, ефект Бора та вплив 2,3-дифосфо-гліцерату, зв’язаного з гемоглобіном. В загальних рисах охарактеризована білкова буферна система. Показано, що ємність фосфатної буферної системи становить близько 1-2% від всієї буферної ємності крові та до 50% буферної ємності сечі. При цьому органічні фосфати також виявляють буферну дію в клітині. В організмі людини і тварин значення внутрішньоклітинного рН може бути від 4,5 до 8,5 взалежності від типу клітин, проте рН крові має становити 7,4. Цей показник забезпечується гідрогенкарбонатною буферною системою. Причому, рН крові залежить не від абсолютних концентрацій компонентів буфера, а від їхнього співвідношення. Найбільш потужною є гемоглобінова буферна система, яка становить 75% від всієї буферної системи крові. Для стабілізації буферної ємності організм використовує ще дві стабілізуючі системи –дихальний апарат та нирки. Разом з тим, компенсаторна роль дихальної системи має недоліки. Гіпервентиляція легень спричиняє дихальний алкалоз. Гіповентиляція виявляє протилежну дію, знижуючи рН крові. Таким чином, буферна система крові забезпечується складною системою, що дозволяє організмові адаптуватися до змін оточуючого середовища та регулювати рН за патологічних умов.Ключові слова:гомеостаз, гемоглобін, кров, кислотно-лужна рівновага.


1921 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip H. Mitchell ◽  
J. Walter Wilson

1. Individual variations in the potassium content of the fresh muscles of frogs are notable even when computed as percentages of the dry solids. The potassium content averaged higher in freshly collected summer frogs than in winter frogs after a period of captivity. 2. Muscles show a loss of from 8 to 15 per cent of their potassium during perfusion with potassium-free Ringer solution but tenaciously hold the remainder. 3. Muscles, stimulated to contract under conditions that do not produce irreversible stages of fatigue, show losses of potassium no greater than those attributable to the presence of a potassium-free medium. 4. A condition favorable to the taking up of potassium probably occurs in a contracting muscle because rubidium and cesium, substances very similar to potassium in chemical and physiological behavior, are absorbed in retainable form by a contracting muscle but not by a resting one.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
O.M. Klygunenko ◽  
O.О. Marzan

Background. Preeclampsia in pregnant women is a threatening condition that causes significant water imbalance, particularly hyperhydration of the extracellular fluid compartment. The condition is the result of the main pathogenetic processes — endothelial dysfunction and the subsequent development of hypoproteinemia. The changes can be detected by measuring body water compartments. Objective: to investigate the effect of a standard intensive care on the body water compartment indicators in women with moderate to severe preeclampsia. Materials and methods. Ninety patients divided into three groups were examined: non-pregnant healthy women, pregnant women with healthy pregnancy, and women whose pregnancy was complicated by moderate to severe preeclampsia. Body water compartments were measured by non-invasive bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results. Pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia is accompanied by an increase in total fluid volume at 34–40 weeks due to an increase in both the extracellular and intracellular water compartments, but with a predominance of the extracellular compartment. By the 7th day of the postpartum period, there is a tendency to decrease the total fluid volume, however, interstitial and intracellular edema can be still observed. Conclusions. The results of the bioelectrical impe-dance analysis of the body water compartments show that additional methods of treatment are needed to correct the body water compartments in women with preeclampsia.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Yu. Vinnik ◽  
А. V. Kuzmenko ◽  
А. А. Amelchenko

Introduction. Chronic prostatitis is the most common androurological disease affecting mainly young and middle-aged men. The variety of pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical manifestations, the tendency to recurrence necessitate the search for new methods of examination and monitoring of this disease. This can be facilitated by the study of bioimpedance parameters in patients with chronic prostatitis.Purpose of the study. To identify bioimpedance and clinical features of the manifestations of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis with an inflammatory component (CNPIC) in young men.Materials and methods. In the period from 2018 to 2020, on the basis of Krasnoyarsk Interdistrict Clinical Hospital No 4, a comprehensive survey of 80 men with CNPIC of the first period of adulthood from 22 to 35 years was conducted using valid questionnaires. Bioimpedansometry was carried out using a complex KM-AR-01, grade “DIAMANT-AIST mini”.Results. Pain predominates in the clinical picture of CNPIC, dysuric disorders are less pronounced. The examined men had pronounced deviations of the component composition of the body due to an increase in fat mass and extracellular fluid volume, which, due to common pathogenetic mechanisms, can support chronic inflammation and influence treatment outcomes.Conclusion. Bioimpedansometry can be a promising method in complex diagnostics and subsequent objective monitoring of the course of CNPIC.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document