scholarly journals THE SELECTIVE ABSORPTION OF POTASSIUM BY ANIMAL CELLS

1921 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip H. Mitchell ◽  
J. Walter Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Selective Absorption ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Contracting Muscle ◽  
Individual Variations

1. Individual variations in the potassium content of the fresh muscles of frogs are notable even when computed as percentages of the dry solids. The potassium content averaged higher in freshly collected summer frogs than in winter frogs after a period of captivity. 2. Muscles show a loss of from 8 to 15 per cent of their potassium during perfusion with potassium-free Ringer solution but tenaciously hold the remainder. 3. Muscles, stimulated to contract under conditions that do not produce irreversible stages of fatigue, show losses of potassium no greater than those attributable to the presence of a potassium-free medium. 4. A condition favorable to the taking up of potassium probably occurs in a contracting muscle because rubidium and cesium, substances very similar to potassium in chemical and physiological behavior, are absorbed in retainable form by a contracting muscle but not by a resting one.

scholarly journals THE SELECTIVE ABSORPTION OF POTASSIUM BY ANIMAL CELLS

1921 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip H. Mitchell ◽  
J. Walter Wilson ◽  
Ralph E. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Structure ◽  
Cesium Chloride ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Selective Absorption ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Equivalent Amount ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Resting Muscle

1. Frog muscles perfused with Ringer solution in which potassium chloride has been replaced by an equivalent amount of rubidium or cesium chloride take up rubidium or cesium and incorporate them into the tissue substance in such form as to be retained during a subsequent perfusion with potassium-free Ringer solution, provided the muscles contract during the first perfusion. Retention of rubidium or cesium by a resting muscle does not occur. 2. Rats on synthetic diets, adequate in all respects except that potassium was replaced by an equivalent amount of rubidium or cesium, died after a period varying from 10 to 17 days with characteristic symptoms including tetanic spasms. Muscle, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and lung tissues were then found to contain significant amounts of rubidium or cesium. The concentration of these metals in the muscle amounted, in some cases, as shown by a spectroscopic estimation, to about half the concentration of potassium normally found in mammallian muscle. 3. The results are regarded as tending to confirm the theory that the peculiarities in the physiological effects of potassium, including the facility with which it is "selected" by living cells in preference to sodium, are related to the electronic structure of the potassium ion as compared with that of similar ions. The possible relationship of the comparative migration velocity, a function of the electronic structure, to physiological effects is suggested.

Effect of the ionophore A23187 on chloride transport across isolated frog cornea

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. F94-F101
Author(s):  
O. A. Candia ◽  
R. Montoreano ◽  
S. M. Podos
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Transport ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Ionophore A23187 ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Adrenergic Blockers ◽  
Relative Inhibition ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Frog Cornea ◽  
Cl Permeability

The ionophore A23187 at a concentration of 10(-7) to 10(-5) M stimulated active transport of Cl across the isolated frog cornea. The ionophore had no effect in a Cl-free medium. Both unidirectional Cl fluxes were increased by A23187. The electrical resistance was decreased, and this can be totally accounted for by the increment in passive Cl fluxes. The effect of A23187 on Cl transport and permeability mimicked the effects of cyclic AMP, isoproterenol, and epinephrine. A23187 had no effect when the corneas were fully stimulated by epinephrine or isoproterenol. A23187 produced normal stimulation of the SCC in corneas pretreated with alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers. The stimulation of the SCC by A23187 was dependent on the presence of Ca in the Ringer solution. Excess Ca (10 mM) resulted in a reduced response. Increasing the Mg concentration in the medium reduced the stimulation of the SCC with Ca concentrations of 0.1-5 mM, but prevented the relative inhibition of 10 mM Ca. Intracellular Ca concentration seemed to regulate Cl permeability of the cornea.

scholarly journals THE MOVEMENT OF ELECTROLYTES AND OF WATER IN SURVIVING TISSUE OF THE LIVER

1960 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Broome ◽  
Eugene L. Opie
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molar Concentration ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Liver Slices ◽  
Intracellular Pressure

When liver slices immediately after their removal from the body are immersed in graded solutions of sodium chloride, movement of water does not follow a course determined by movement of sodium ions. From hypotonic solutions sodium enters slowly and swelling proceeds rapidly but with increasing concentration entrance of sodium increases and swelling diminishes in accord with the osmotic relations between tissue and the medium. The extracellular fluid of liver has the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma, and entrance of water into liver slices from media with greater molar concentration is determined by the intracellular pressure of the parenchymatous cells of the tissue. The plasma membrane of the liver cell is semipermeable to electrolytes but its semipermeability is imperfect, may be impaired, and when in media isotonic with the cells some of the electrolyte enters them. With continued entrance permeability to both electrolyte and water increases and in case of sodium become evident after 15 or 20 minutes. A medium more favorable to the tissue prolongs the period of isotonicity. In solutions with electrolytes otherwise similar to those of the blood plasma, e.g. Krebs-Ringer solution, but with molar concentration of electrolytes approximately doubled by addition of sodium chloride isotonicity may be prolonged during a period of 1 hour or more. When potassium chloride is added to the Krebs-Ringer solution so that its potassium content has been increased 10-fold the water intake of liver cells has not varied in accord with the potassium content of the medium. In a medium with the electrolyte contents of blood plasma (Krebs-Ringer solution) liver cells after 1 hour gain sodium and lose potassium, but later potassium maintains a nearly constant level though swelling increases. Less sodium enters and less potassium is lost from liver cells at 0°C. than at 38° and 0°C. swelling is greater. Movement of water between cells and extracellular fluid may occur independently of changes in the sodium or of potassium content of cells and doubtless is in part determined by substances associated with metabolism.

Hyperosmolarity: effects on nerves and smooth muscle of cutaneous veins

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA McGrath ◽  
JT Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Contractile Response ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Isometric Tension ◽  
Organ Bath ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Saphenous Veins ◽  
Slow Contraction

Helical strips from dogs' saphenous veins were mounted in an organ bath (Krebs-Ringer solution, 37 degrees C) for isometric tension recording. Additional strips were incubated with [7-3H]norepinephrine and mounted for superfusion and isometric tension recording. The perfusate was collected every 2 min for estimation of total radioactivity and for column chromatographic separation of [3H]norepinephrine and its metabolites. Increasing osmolarity by sucrose caused a slow contraction that was maximal at 500-550 mosM and was accompanied by a reduction in total 3H efflux. The contraction was unaffected by a Ca2+-free medium, alpha-adrenegic blockade, and beta-adrenergic stimulaton. It was depressed by cooling (29 degrees C) and by anoxia combined with a glucose-free medium. Contractions elicited by K+ and Ba2+ were augmented by hyperosmolarity, but those caused by sympathetic nerve stimulation, tyramine, and norepinephrine were depressed. The output of [3H]norepinephrine during nerve stimulation was reduced. Thus, the hyperosmolarity causes 1) contraction of vascular smooth muscle, 2) augmentation of the contractile response to K+ and Ba2+, 3) depression of the excitation caused by norepinephrine, and 4) inhibition of the neuronal release of norepinephrine.

scholarly journals Requirement of nonessential amino acids by animal cells cultured in vitamin B6-deleted serum-free medium.

1986 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanetaka SHIRAHATA ◽  
Hiroki MURAKAMI ◽  
Hirofumi NAKAMURA ◽  
Hirohisa OMURA
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Serum Free Medium ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Nonessential Amino Acids ◽  
Cells Cultured

SODIUM AND WATER BINDING IN SINGLE STRIATED MUSCLE FIBERS OF THE GIANT BARNACLE

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 837-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. A. McLaughlin ◽  
J. A. M. Hinke
Keyword(s):  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Water Binding ◽  
Striated Muscle Fibers ◽  
Cellular Water ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Total Sodium

Cation-sensitive glass microelectrodes were inserted into single striated muscle fibers of the giant barnacle, Balanus nubilus, to measure the activity of sodium and potassium in the myoplasm. These measurements, combined with a knowledge of the total cellular water and sodium and potassium content (flame photometry), permitted the minimal percentage of bound sodium and water to be calculated. These values were 84% and 42% respectively. When muscle fibers were soaked in sucrose Ringer solution, about 30% of the total sodium was removed proportionally from the bound and the free fractions. Potassium replaced sodium in the cellular bound fraction. In some experiments the chloride content of muscle fibers was determined. Assuming no binding and a passive distribution of this ion, the results predict 65% binding of the fiber water. This value for water binding was used with the previous data to calculate that 91% of the intracellular sodium and 38% of the intracellular potassium were bound.

scholarly journals THE SELECTIVE ABSORPTION OF POTASSIUM BY ANIMAL CELLS

1923 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph E. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Selective Absorption ◽  
Animal Cells

By perfusing frogs for varying periods with potassium-free Ringer solutions having a pH ranging from 6.0 to 8.0, it has been determined that such solutions have little or no effect upon the retention of potassium by muscle cells.

Surface Structure of Nucleated Animal Cells: Carbon Replicas

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 120-121
Author(s):  
Robert M. Glaeser ◽  
Thea B. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Replica Technique ◽  
Carbon Replica ◽  
Characteristic Particle ◽  
Cell Surface Structure ◽  
Carbon Replicas

The carbon-replica technique can be used to obtain information about cell-surface structure that cannot ordinarily be obtained by thin-section techniques. Mammalian erythrocytes have been studied by the replica technique and they appear to be characterized by a pebbly or “plaqued“ surface texture. The characteristic “particle” diameter is about 200 Å to 400 Å. We have now extended our observations on cell-surface structure to chicken and frog erythrocytes, which possess a broad range of cellular functions, and to normal rat lymphocytes and mouse ascites tumor cells, which are capable of cell division. In these experiments fresh cells were washed in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium Salt Solution (for suspension cultures) and one volume of a 10% cell suspension was added to one volume of 2% OsO4 or 5% gluteraldehyde in 0.067 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.3. Carbon replicas were obtained by a technique similar to that employed by Glaeser et al. Figure 1 shows an electron micrograph of a carbon replica made from a chicken erythrocyte, and Figure 2 shows an enlarged portion of the same cell.

Exogeneous factors are not necessary in attachment, spreading and polarization of hela cells

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-311
Author(s):  
W. Liebrich
Keyword(s):  
Hela Cells ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Glass Tube ◽  
Serum Free Medium ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Minimum Essential Medium ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
All Solutions ◽  
Glass Support

HeLa cells were grown for 2-3 days in EAGLE'S minimum essential medium with 10% calf serum (S-MEM; Seromed, München) and then incubated for 24 hours in serum free medium (MEM). After detaching the cells with a solution of 0. 14 % EDTA and 0. 07 % trypsin (Difco, 1 : 250) they were suspended in various solutions (S-MEM = control, MEM, buffered salt solutions with or without Me++ions, 0. 9 % NaCl solution) and allowed to settle on glass tube slips (Leighton-tubes). After 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 1 45, 60 minutes 2, 3, 4, 5 hours cells were prepared for scanning electron microscopy as described by Paweletz and Schroeter. The preparations were examined in a Jeol SEM (JSM-U3) at 25 KV without tilting.The suspended spherical HeLa cells are able to adhere to the glass support in all solutions. The rate of attachment, however, is faster in solutions without serum than in the control. The latter is in agreement with the findings of other authors.

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