scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF THE METANEPHRIC KIDNEY

1968 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Priestley ◽  
R. A. Malt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Kidney Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Sharp Change ◽  
Dna Concentration ◽  
Adult Kidney ◽  
Metanephric Kidney ◽  
Wet Weight

The metanephric kidney was studied in fetal and older mice beginning at 16 days after mating of the parents. Polyribosomes from fetal kidneys labeled in vitro with 14C-labeled amino acids had 10–20 times more acid-precipitable radioactivity associated with them than polysomes from adult kidneys similarly labeled. Between 3 and 6 days after birth the rate incorporation of labeled amino acids by polyribosomes from neonatal kidneys declined sharply to only twice the value found for adult kidneys. There was no change in the shape of the polyribosome profile with increasing age, but before birth few, if any, ribosomes were bound to membranes compared with 20% 2 days after birth and between 20 and 30% in the adult. Total protein represented less than 10% of the wet weight in the fetal kidney but increased to 17% of the wet weight in the adult kidney. There was a steady decline in the concentration of RNA and DNA with respect to dry weight throughout kidney development. DNA concentration declined more rapidly than RNA concentration, so that the milligram to milligram ratio of RNA to DNA increased. In males the RNA/DNA ratio was stable at 1.3 at 40 days after birth; but in females the decline in DNA concentration was more protracted, and at 200 days after birth the RNA/DNA ratio was only 0.99. Thus, total nucleic acids show only gradual changes in concentration throughout development of the kidney, but a sharp change in the synthetic activity of the ribosomes and in their binding to membranes occurs in kidneys soon after birth.

scholarly journals Nitrogenous Excretion by Embryos of the Viviparous Snake Thamnophis S. Sirtalis (L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
HUGH CLARK ◽  
BETTY FLORIO SISKEN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Garter Snake ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Wet Weight

1. The garter snake embryo excretes an estimated 2.52 mg. nitrogen, of which 1.4 mg. is recoverable from the embryonic confines. The recovered excreta consist of 16.3% uric acid, 23.4% ammonia and 60.3% urea. 2. The placenta is believed, therefore, to transmit to the mother 1.11 mg. nitrogen per embryo, and it is estimated that it transmits to the embryo approximately 45 mg. of protein as amino-acids. 3. Evidence is presented which suggests that protein may be a principal source of energy, particularly early in development. 4. Growth in terms of wet weight, dry weight, and protein is described.

scholarly journals Some biochemical effects of triamcinolone acetonide on rat liver and muscle

1970 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Peters ◽  
M. C. Richardson ◽  
Margaret Small ◽  
A. M. White
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Triamcinolone Acetonide ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Tissue Homogenate ◽  
Glycogen Concentration

1. The powerful anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide, administered to rats at 20 and 2.5mg/kg, leads to a decrease in the incorporation in vivo of [3H]uridine and [32P]orthophosphate into hind-limb skeletal muscle. 2. At the higher dose, this decrease in the rate of incorporation of precursors into RNA precedes a decrease in the incorporating ability of muscle ribosomes, which commences about 4–5h after drug administration, but is unaccompanied by any changes in the concentration of tissue ATP or free amino acids. 3. The ribosomal dysfunction extends to polyribosomes, which can only be successfully isolated from the muscle of triamcinolone-treated animals after the addition of α-amylase to the tissue homogenate to remove glycogen. 4. The specific radioactivity of muscle protein labelled in vivo with 14C-labelled amino acids does not decrease progressively after triamcinolone administration. After 2h there is an apparent stimulation of incorporation which leads to an overall discrepancy between measurements of protein-synthetic activity made in vivo and in vitro. 5. There is a significant increase in muscle-glycogen concentration between 8 and 12h after the administration of triamcinolone acetonide (20mg/kg), although a significant decrease occurs after 4h. The fall in glycogen concentration may be due to a decrease in the rate of synthesis of protein essential for glucose uptake into the tissues. 6. As judged by (a) incorporation of 14C-labelled amino acids into protein, (b) [3H]uridine and [32P]-orthophosphate incorporation into RNA, (c) the rate of induction of tryptophan pyrrolase and (d) changes in the pool sizes of taurine and tryptophan, the responses in liver followed the same time-course as those in muscle after administration of the drug.

Abstract 15751: A New Role of Sox6 in Renin Regulation

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Gomez ◽  
Eric Sum ◽  
Anna Keyte ◽  
Conrad Hodgkinson ◽  
Mary Hutson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Kidney Development ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Adult Kidney ◽  
Fold Reduction

Introduction: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important component of blood pressure regulation in mammals. Renin catalyzes the rate limiting step of RAS, is produced and stored by Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells in the kidney. However, the transcriptional mechanisms that govern the specification of renin expressing cells under normal or pathophysiological conditions remain poorly understood. During blood pressure changes the number of adult renal cells expressing renin increase through a process termed JG recruitment. We found that this process involves differentiation mesenchymal stromal-like cells (MSC) to renin expressing cells. Our aim in this study was to determine new regulators of renin cell fate during kidney development and JG recruitment. Methods: Gene expression profiles of MSC and JG cells were performed with Affymetrix Mouse 430 2.0 array. In vitro assays were performed in adult renal MSCs isolated from C57BL6 Ren1c YFP mice. Renin expression in vitro was induced by treatment with IBMX and Forskolin. MSC were transduced with lentivirus carrying vectors for Sox6, Sox6 shRNA or controls. Ex vivo analysis was performed in embryonic kidneys (14.5 dpc) isolated and transduced with Sox6 or scrambled shRNA, kidneys were then cultured for 4 days and the expression of Sox6 and Renin analyzed by IHC. Results: Data showed that the transcription factor Sox6 is expressed in renin producing cells in the developing kidney (n=4) and in the adult kidney after stimulation that promotes JG recruitment (n=3). Overexpression of Sox6 (n=3, P<0.05) enhanced differentiation of renal MSCs to renin producing cells in vitro , and Sox6 knockdown reduced differentiation of renal MSC to renin producing cells in vitro (6-fold, n=4, P<0.01). Furthermore, knockdown of Sox6 in an ex vivo model of kidney development resulted in a 5-fold reduction in renin expressing cells (n=4, P<0.05). Conclusion: These results support a novel role for Sox6 in the development of renin expressing cells. This may have implications for renal development and physiology, opening new possibilities of addressing questions regarding both developmental and physiological regulation of renin.

scholarly journals Genetic Dissection of Cadherin Function during Nephrogenesis

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1474-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Dahl ◽  
Anders Sjödin ◽  
Lionel Larue ◽  
Glenn L. Radice ◽  
Stefan Cajander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Development ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Metanephric Mesenchyme ◽  
Ureteric Bud ◽  
Metanephric Kidney ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT The distinct expression of R-cadherin in the induced aggregating metanephric mesenchyme suggests that it may regulate the mesenchymal-epithelial transition during kidney development. To address whether R-cadherin is required for kidney ontogeny, R-cadherin-deficient mice were generated. These mice appeared to be healthy and were fertile, demonstrating that R-cadherin is not essential for embryogenesis. The only kidney phenotype of adult mutant animals was the appearance of dilated proximal tubules, which was associated with an accumulation of large intracellular vacuoles. Morphological analysis of nephrogenesis in R-cadherin −/− mice in vivo and in vitro revealed defects in the development of both ureteric bud-derived cells and metanephric mesenchyme-derived cells. First, the morphology and organization of the proximal parts of the ureteric bud epithelium were altered. Interestingly, these morphological changes correlated with an increased rate of apoptosis and were further supported by perturbed branching and patterning of the ureteric bud epithelium during in vitro differentiation. Second, during in vitro studies of mesenchymal-epithelial conversion, significantly fewer epithelial structures developed from R-cadherin −/− kidneys than from wild-type kidneys. These data suggest that R-cadherin is functionally involved in the differentiation of both mesenchymal and epithelial components during metanephric kidney development. Finally, to investigate whether the redundant expression of other classic cadherins expressed in the kidney could explain the rather mild kidney defects in R-cadherin-deficient mice, we intercrossed R-cadherin −/− mice with cadherin-6−/− , P-cadherin −/−, and N-cadherin +/− mice. Surprisingly, however, in none of the compound knockout strains was kidney development affected to a greater extent than within the individual cadherin knockout strains.

Intestinal transport of hexoses in the rat following chronic heat exposure

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Carpenter ◽  
X. J. Musacchia
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Intestinal Transport ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Altered Glucose ◽  
Galactose Transport ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Mucosal Uptake ◽  
Intestinal Weight

The effect of 3 wk heat exposure (Ta 34 degrees C) on intestinal weight and intestinal absorption of D-glucose and D-galactose in vitro was examined in the rat. Intestinal dry weight was reduced with heat exposure compared to both ad libitum and pair-fed animals at Ta 22 degrees C. Intestinal tissue water was elevated after pair feeding but not heat exposure; extracellular (inulin) space was similar in the three groups. Mucosal uptake of glucose per gram wet weight in an everted sac preparation was unchanged compared to pair-fed animals, but serosal transfer was increased. Intestinal metabolism of glucose was decreased with heat exposure. Galactose accumulation with 30 min incubation was increased in intestinal rings from both heat-exposed and pair-fed animals. This increase is likely to be related to the reduction in ring size present in the groups with reduced food intake. Vmax and apparent Km for galactose transport were unchanged. Our results indicate that despite a reduction in intestinal weight following heat exposure, the ability of the intestine to transport hexoses per gram remains relatively stable. Alterations of hexose transport appear to be related to altered glucose metabolism and not altered transport capacity. Differences in intestinal weight and glucose utilization between pair-fed and heat-exposed animals suggest that the intestinal response to chronic heat exposure is not solely a function at the amount of food consumed. However, the alteration of more than one variable in pair feeding makes interpretation complex.

Growth of fetal guinea pig: physical and chemical characteristics

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (1) ◽  
pp. E132-E139
Author(s):  
J. W. Sparks ◽  
J. R. Girard ◽  
S. Callikan ◽  
F. C. Battaglia
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

The growth of the fetal guinea pig was studied in 32 fetuses in 12 litters, ranging from 39 days gestation to full term (67 days). The wet weight of the fetus was well approximated by an exponential function of gestational age (GA) in days [fetal weight (g) = 0.993 e(0.068 X GA), r = 0.94]. Dry weight increased more rapidly than wet weight [dry weight (g) = 0.039 e(0.102 X GA); r = 0.97], resulting in an increase in percent dry weight from approximately 10% at 40 days gestation to 30% at term. Fat content increased even more rapidly than dry weight [body fat (g) = 0.00123 e(0.136 X GA), r = 0.97], accounting for 33% of dry weight and 11.7% of wet weight at term. Using bomb calorimetric projections of caloric value of 9.3 kcal X g fat-1 X day-1 and 4.6 kcal X g nonfat dry wt-1 X day-1, we estimate that growth of the fetal guinea pig requires 220 kcal X kg fetal wt-1 X day-1 near term. Carbon and nitrogen contents of the fetus increased at different rates, reflecting the changes in fat and nonfat tissues. Amino acids contributed 80% of total body nitrogen and 41% of total body carbon near term. Cysteine concentrations increased and lysine concentrations decreased with gestational age; the concentrations of the other measured amino acids did not change with gestational age. These studies represent the first systematic study of the chemical growth of the fetus in a nonhuman species.

UTILIZATION OF UNIFORMLY LABELLED 14C-GLUCOSE IN THE PINEAL BODY OF GOATS

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Hellman ◽  
Stig Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pineal Body ◽  
Chromatographic Technique ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACT The in vitro utilization of uniformly 14C-labelled glucose was studied in the pineal body of goats by using a quantitative application of the radio paper-chromatographic technique. The O2 consumption as well as the formation of CO2 and lactic acid from glucose in the incubation medium was comparatively very high in young goats and decreased gradually with increasing age. The same was true for the formation of labelled amino acids. Thus, there were no measurable amounts of radioactive amino acids in goats older than 6 years, while in the animals 1–3 months old no less than 11.7 μg glucose was converted into amino acids per 25 mg wet weight of the pineal body Glutamic acid and alanine were found in the highest amounts among the different amino acids formed from glucose in the youngest age group. There were also appreciable amounts of arginine, glutamine, δ-aminobutyric acid and aspartic acid. Microscopical examination revealed that not only progressive degenerative changes but also a markedly reduced number of parenchymal cells per unit volume, might account for the diminished glucose metabolism found in the pineal body of adult goats. The metabolic findings, especially the very high rate of formation of amino acids from glucose in the youngest animals, are discussed in the light of the result of recent investigations, which suggest secretion of a protein hormone from the non-adult pineal body.

Preliminary Experiments with a Defined Culture Medium for Larval Fasciola hepatica

1973 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. V. Pullin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Final Maturation ◽  
Defined Culture ◽  
Stock Solutions

A defined medium is described as a basis for in vitro culture work with larval Fasciola hepatica. This medium, termed BCM, can be quickly made up by using a system of stock solutions. BCM contains inorganic salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins and antibiotics, but no lipid or proteins. Rediae can be dissected from infected snails for culture, but many appear to be contaminated with bacteria. Large rediae cannot survive in BCM but free immature cercariae can complete their final maturation in vitro. This final maturation, from the 30th to the 35th day after miracidial penetration of donor snails, includes tail growth and appearance of body pigmentation. Cercariae matured in vitro encyst successfully when transferred from BCM to water. Small rediae survive in BCM for 5 days, but show no growth or development measured as dry weight and total nitrogen.

scholarly journals Differences in huperzine A yield when different amino acids were added for in vitro thallus culture of Huperzia serrata (Thunb)Trev and gene expression analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye YuXuan ◽  
Tu YiSheng ◽  
Yu Xiao ◽  
Huang Qian ◽  
Yuan Huihui
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Huperzine A ◽  
Differential Analysis ◽  
Fluorescence Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Alignment Analysis

Abstract Background：the secondary metabolite of H. serrata, huperzine A (HupA) can be used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and can improve the cognitive function of patients. The use of in vitro culture and secondary metabolism engineering to obtain secondary metabolites is the most effective method to solve a lack of HupA sources and protect H. serrata as a natural resource. This study was based on the in vitro thallus culture conditions for H. serrate, and different concentrations of alkaloid precursor amino acids (lysine, aspartic acid, and trytophan) were added. We found that addition of different amino acids to thallus cultures had different effects on HupA accumulation. Transcriptome sequencing was carried out on thalli with significant differences in the HupA content due to treatment with different amino acids for differential analysis, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used for validation to examine the functional genes involved in exogenous amino acid regulation of HupA accumulation in thalli.Results：We found that addition of 1 mmol·L−1 aspartic acid (D) solution promoted HupA accumulation, at a level of 84.05 μg·g−1 dry weight (DW), which was 1.29-fold that of the control (CK: 65.15 μg·g−1 DW). Addition of 4 mmol·L−1 lysine (K) solution significantly inhibited HupA accumulation, at a level of 48.42 μg·g−1 DW, which was 0.75-fold that of the control.Transcriptome sequencing-bioinformatics alignment analysis of the aforementioned materials showed that in GO alignment analysis, functions were annotated for 16,258 unigenes. From the statistical analysis of the DEGs of the three groups, we found that there were 1046, 782, and 1586 DEGs for CK vs D, CK vs K, and D vs K, respectively, with D vs K having the most DEGs. DEGs that were enriched in KEGG metabolic pathways and validated by fluorescence quantitative PCR included PANK1, GDH2, APX, HA1, ND4L, and COX1. Conclusions：The above results showed that HupA content differences in D and K treatments were directly proportional to DEGs. Gene expression differences are the molecular basis that affects HupA accumulation in in vitro thallus cultures. PANK1 and GDH2 encode enzymes that synthesize an alkaloid intermediate.

scholarly journals Respon Pemberian Hormon 2,4-D dan BAP terhadap Pertumbuhan Subkultur Kalus Kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) secara In Vitro

Biosfera ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Kiki Ayuningrum ◽  
Iman Budisantoso ◽  
Kamsinah Kamsinah
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Combination Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soybean Callus ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Callus Type

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of administration of a combination of 2,4-D and BAP on the growth of soybean callus subculture and determine the combination of 2,4-D and BAP most good for the growth of soybean callus subculture. The study design used completely randomized design (CRD) with a pattern factorials. The factor one e.i 2,4-D consists of 4 levels, namely: 0, 5, 10, and 15 ppm. A factor of 2 e.i BAP consists of 4 levels, namely: 0, 2, 4, dan 6 ppm. Every combination treatment repeated three times. Parameters measured include the percentage is growing callus, type of callus, dry weight and wet weight of soybean callus. The results showed that administration of the hormone 2,4-D and BAP can spur the growth of soybean callus subculture, the combination of BAP 2 ppm and 10 ppm of 2,4-D is the best combination for a percentage of callus and growing callus types, whereas the wet weight and the weight dried callus is not driven by a combination of the hormone 2,4-D and BAP

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