scholarly journals FINE STRUCTURE OF CHLORIDE CELLS FROM THREE SPECIES OF FUNDULUS

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Philpott ◽  
D. E. Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Secretory Cycle ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Wide Range

A morphological basis for osmoregulation in the teleosts was studied by comparing the fine structure of chloride cells found in epithelia of the gills of three species of fish: Fundulus heteroclitus which can survive in a wide range of salinities, and F. similis and F. chrysotus which are usually restricted to salt water and fresh water environments, respectively. Gills were removed from F. heteroclitus which had been laboratory adapted to either sea water or pond water. For a comparison, gills were also removed from the marine F. similis and the fresh water F. chrysotus which had been adapted to their natural environments. Gill-filaments were fixed in Millonig's phosphate buffered (pH 7.4), 1 per cent osmium tetroxide and were embedded in Epon. Thin sections of filaments were stained with lead hydroxide. The cytoplasm of chloride cells of all three species of Fundulus is heavily populated with mitochondria and is filled with tubules of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum (ER). An orderly secretory cycle was indicated for chloride cells of salt water adapted F. heteroclitus and the marine F. similis. An amorphous material is observed in the agranular ER. Its density increases towards the apical end of the cell. In the apical cytoplasm, tubules of the agranular ER appear to converge and to discharge the amorphous material into an apical cavity. Except for the actual opening of the apical cavity, the distal end of salt water adapted chloride cells is characteristically shielded from the hypertonic environment by thin cytoplasmic flanges projecting from the neighboring epithelial cells. Chloride cells of the fresh water F. chrysotus resemble chloride cells of pond water adapted F. heteroclitus, in that these cells do not have apical cavities with the functional appearance of those in the sea water adapted forms. The distal end of fresh water adapted chloride cells is typically exposed to the free surface of the gill-filament. The possible function of the cell type is discussed.

A dense cell in the epithelium of the gill lamellae of the fresh-water brook trout, salvelinus fontinalis

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
C. M. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Basal Nucleus ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Gill Lamellae

Introduction Unspecialized, dark, chloride and mucous cells have been described in the epithelium of the gill lamellae of Salmo gairdneri and the chloride cell of fresh-water Salvelinus fontinalis has been described. In the course of other studies we found another cell type in the epithelium of fresh-water Salvelinus fontinalis, which is described in the following account.Methods Six fresh-water brook trout, and two adapted to salt-water were killed by a blow on the head, and gill filaments were removed, fixed in Karnovsky's fixative then osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in acetone and embedded in epoxy resin. Thin sections for electron microscopy were stained with 25% uranyl acetate in methanol and lead citrate.Observations The epithelial cells described in Salmo gairdneri were also found in Salvelinus fontinalis, but another type was seen in fresh-water Salvelinus fontinalis. These cells were often as large as chloride cells and had a similar shape, but the cytoplasm and basal nucleus were usually darker, round vesicles were present in the apical cytoplasm, and large membrane-bound bodies were often present in the basal cytoplasm (Fig. 1).

Ultrastructure and distribution dynamics of chloride cells in tilapia larvae in fresh water and sea water

1999 ◽  
Vol 297 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. H. van der Heijden ◽  
J. C. A. van der Meij ◽  
G. Flik ◽  
S. E. Wendelaar Bonga
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Distribution Dynamics

The evolution of under-ice melt ponds, or double diffusion at the freezing point

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seelye Martin ◽  
Peter Kauffman
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Double Diffusion ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Interfacial Region ◽  
Ice Melt

In an experimental and theoretical study, we model a phenomenon observed in the summer Arctic, where a fresh-water layer at a temperature of 0°C floats both over a sea-water layer at its freezing point and under an ice layer. Our results show that the ice growth in this system takes place in three phases. First, because the fresh-water density decreases upon supercooling, the rapid diffusion of heat relative to salt from the fresh to the salt water causes a density inversion and thereby generates a high Rayleigh number convection in the fresh water. In this convection, supercooled water rises to the ice layer, where it nucleates into thin vertical interlocking ice crystals. When these sheets grow down to the interface, supercooling ceases. Second, the presence of the vertical ice sheets both constrains the temperatureTand salinitysto lie on the freezing curve and allows them to diffuse in the vertical. In the interfacial region, the combination of these processes generates a lateral crystal growth, which continues until a horizontal ice sheet forms. Third, because of theTandsgradients in the sea water below this ice sheet, the horizontal sheet both migrates upwards and increases in thickness. From one-dimensional theoretical models of the first two phases, we find that the heat-transfer rates are 5–10 times those calculated for classic thermal diffusion.

A light microscopic study of the action of sodium orthovanadate on the gills of fresh-water and sea-water eels (Anguilla anguilla L.)

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 859-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Kelly ◽  
B. J. S. Pirie ◽  
M. V. Bell ◽  
J. R. Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Sodium Orthovanadate ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Water Fish ◽  
Gill Filaments

Gills of fresh-water and sea-water eels were perfused at a constant pressure with physiological Ringer containing 10−6 M sodium orthovanadate and examined by light microscopy. The secondary gill filaments were markedly vasoconstricted in both freshwater and sea-water fish although the peripheral blood route around the secondary filaments was unaffected. The central venous space in the primary filament was largely unaffected. Significant constriction of both afferent and efferent arteries on the primary filament occurred. We conclude that orthovanadate vasoconstricts eel gills mainly at the level of the secondary filaments. The study also emphasizes that chloride cells are located on both the primary and secondary filaments of fresh-water gills but solely on the primary filaments of sea-water gills.

THE OSMOREGULATORY ROLE OF THE THYROID GLAND IN THE STARRY FLOUNDER, PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 997-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleveland P. Hickman Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Platichthys Stellatus ◽  
Fluid Concentration

Energy demands for osmotic regulation and the possible osmoregulatory role of the thyroid gland were investigated in the euryhaline starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus. Using a melting-point technique, it was established that flounder could regulate body fluid concentration independently of widely divergent environmental salinities. Small flounder experienced more rapid disturbances of body fluid concentration than large flounder after abrupt salinity alterations.The standard metabolic rate of flounder adapted to fresh water was consistently and significantly less than that of marine flounder. In supernormal salinities standard metabolic rate was significantly greater than in normal sea water. These findings agree with the theory that energy demands for active electrolyte transport are greater in sea water than fresh water.Thyroid activity was studied in flounder adapted to fresh water and salt water. Percentage uptake of radioiodine by the thyroid was shown to be an insensitive and inaccurate criterion for evaluating thyroid activity in different salinities because removal rates of radioiodine from the body and blood differed between fresh water and marine flounder. Using thyroid clearance of radioiodine from the blood as a measure of activity, salt-water flounder were shown to have much greater thyroid clearance rates and, hence, more active thyroid glands than flounder adapted to fresh water. The greater activity of the thyroid of marine flounder correlates with greater oxygen demands in sea water and suggests a direct or adjunctive osmoregulatory role of the thyroid gland of fish.

Studies on Salt-Water and Fresh-Water Anopheles gambiae on the East African Coast

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Muirhead Thomson
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
East African ◽  
East African Coast ◽  
African Coast ◽  
Gravid Females

The brackish water form of A. gambiae on the East African coast—and probably in Mauritius—is not the same as A. melas of West Africa.In salt-water gambiae a variable proportion of the females have an additional dark band on the palps, resembling 4-banded melas, but the remainder are indistinguishable from typical gambiae.Eggs and larvae of salt-water gambiae show no morphological differences from those of fresh-water gambiae, thereby differing from A. melas of West Africa.Larvae of the two forms show a clear-cut difference in reaction to sudden changes in salinity, and a simple test has been worked out whereby wild-caught females can be accurately identified by the reactions of their progeny.This physiological test has formed the basis of all work in comparing the incidence, habits, and infectivity of salt and fresh-water gambiae in Dar-es-Salaam.Exposed to equal chances of infection in the same village during 1947 and 1948, fresh-water gambiae had a sporozoite rate of 9·4 per cent. while that of salt-water gambiae was 0·8 per cent.About 4 per cent, of both forms were infected with filaria larvae, but monthly figures showed that infection rates in salt-water gambiae may rise to 22 per cent.Fresh-water gambiae show little tendency to leave African houses at dawn after feeding, whereas in salt-water gambiae over one-third of freshly blood-fed females leave the house at dawn.In fresh-water gambiae many half-gravid females leave the shelter of the house at dusk on the night after the blood feed. There is no marked difference in infectivity between those which leave the hut and those which remain indoors at this stage.Blood-fed and gravid females of fresh-water gambiae, funestus, and salt-water gambiae have been found in outdoor resting places, gravid females predominating in the case of the first two.Although larvae of salt-water gambiae can complete their development in pure sea water, in nature increasing salinity becomes a limiting factor before it reaches that of sea water, continuous breeding being no longer possible at salinities over 83 per cent. sea water.Salinity as a limiting factor explains the rather restricted breeding of salt-water gambiae on the coast, and suggests that certain coastal fresh-water swamps at Dar-es-Salaam could be cleared of all Anopheline breeding by salinifying with sea water.

Differences in Measurements of Smolt Development Between Wild and Hatchery-Reared Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Before and After Saltwater Exposure

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 2170-2178 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mark Shrimpton ◽  
Nicholas J. Bernier ◽  
George K. Iwama ◽  
David J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Saltwater Tolerance

We compared the saltwater tolerance of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) juveniles that were reared in different environments. The groups examined consisted of fish reared exclusively in the hatchery, a hatchery group transplanted into the upper watershed of the river (colonized), and wild fish from natural spawning broodstock in the river. Although hatchery fish were much larger than their wild or colonized counterparts, they consistently showed a reduced saltwater tolerance as assessed by a much greater perturbation in plasma sodium concentration following transfer to salt water. Within each group there was no relationship between size of the fish and saltwater tolerance. Following transfer to sea water, hatchery fish showed a significant decline in haematocrit and a significant increase in circulating plasma cortisol concentration. Neither of these changes was seen in wild smolts. Hatchery fish possessed fewer chloride cells, and lower specific activities of the enzymes Na+K+ATPase and citrate synthase. The weaker osmoregulatory ability of hatchery fish led to a greater mortality following abrupt transfer to 35‰ seawater. We believe that the differences in saltwater tolerance seen among the different groups of fish are due to rearing environment.

scholarly journals The Adaptation of Mosquito Larvae to Salt Water

1933 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. B. WIGGLESWORTH
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Mosquito Larva ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae

Larvae of Aedes argenteus reared in fresh water are killed by 1.1 per cent. NaCl or by "sea water"1 isotonic with 1.3-1.4 per cent. NaCl. Newly hatched larvae are killed by 1.1 per cent. NaCl or "sea water" equivalent to 1.3 per cent. NaCl. By gradually increasing the concentration, larvae can be made resistant to 1.1 per cent. NaCl and to "sea water" equivalent to 1.75 percent. NaCl (50 per cent. sea water). The nature of the physiological adaptation in these larvae has been studied and the following conclusions reached: 1. The elastic strands in the cells of the gills become exaggerated, and these cells resist swelling in hypertonic salt solutions. 2. There are changes in the epithelium of the mid-gut so that: (a) the cells are no longer caused to swell up and become detached from the basement membrane; and (b) the mid-gut and caeca can absorb the salt fluid and so avoid the excessive distension which occurs in unadapted larvae. 3. It is possible that the Malpighian tubes excrete a more concentrated urine and that the reabsorptive activity of the rectum is increased. The mosquito larva appears to be homoiosmotic in both fresh water and in hypertonic salt water.

scholarly journals Technology and Unit for Water Desalination with Use of Wind-Driven Generator

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Кострица ◽  
V. Kostritsa ◽  
Камруков ◽  
A. Kamrukov ◽  
Багров ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Technical Characteristic ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Energy Storage Device ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Brackish Waters ◽  
Wide Range

The innovative project of application of wind driven generators in units for sea and brackish waters desalination by reversed osmosis method with thermal utilization of salt concentrates and pulse ultra-violet disinfecting has been presented. This project implementation will provide with fresh water residential and industrial facilities, as well as farms in the areas located near the sea coast or having sources of underground brackish waters. This unit development aimed to obtaining fresh water with minimum expense of the salt concentrate in the form of sewage, and in some cases with its complete exception. The technical characteristic of autonomous unit for sea water desalination with performance on desalinated water equal to 50 m3 per day has been presented. Distinctive feature of the autonomous desalination unit is development of a module for pulse ultra-violet disinfecting of water by impact on it with high-intensity pulse ultra-violet wide range radiation and construction of an energy storage device based on a super condensers block which allowed the autonomous wind driven generator to use the energy concluded in wind fluctuations.

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