Ultrastructure and distribution dynamics of chloride cells in tilapia larvae in fresh water and sea water

1999 ◽  
Vol 297 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. H. van der Heijden ◽  
J. C. A. van der Meij ◽  
G. Flik ◽  
S. E. Wendelaar Bonga
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Distribution Dynamics

A light microscopic study of the action of sodium orthovanadate on the gills of fresh-water and sea-water eels (Anguilla anguilla L.)

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 859-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Kelly ◽  
B. J. S. Pirie ◽  
M. V. Bell ◽  
J. R. Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Sodium Orthovanadate ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Water Fish ◽  
Gill Filaments

Gills of fresh-water and sea-water eels were perfused at a constant pressure with physiological Ringer containing 10−6 M sodium orthovanadate and examined by light microscopy. The secondary gill filaments were markedly vasoconstricted in both freshwater and sea-water fish although the peripheral blood route around the secondary filaments was unaffected. The central venous space in the primary filament was largely unaffected. Significant constriction of both afferent and efferent arteries on the primary filament occurred. We conclude that orthovanadate vasoconstricts eel gills mainly at the level of the secondary filaments. The study also emphasizes that chloride cells are located on both the primary and secondary filaments of fresh-water gills but solely on the primary filaments of sea-water gills.

In vivo sequential changes in chloride cell morphology in the yolk-sac membrane of mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) embryos and larvae during seawater adaptation

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (24) ◽  
pp. 3485-3495 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hiroi ◽  
T. Kaneko ◽  
M. Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Seawater Adaptation ◽  
Accessory Cells

Changes in chloride cell morphology were examined in the yolk-sac membrane of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) embryos and larvae transferred from fresh water to sea water. By labelling chloride cells with DASPEI, a fluorescent probe specific for mitochondria, we observed in vivo sequential changes in individual chloride cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In embryos transferred from fresh water to sea water 3 days after fertilization, 75 % of chloride cells survived for 96 h, and cells showed a remarkable increase in size. In contrast, the cell size did not change in embryos and larvae kept in fresh water. The same rate of chloride cell turnover was observed in both fresh water and sea water. Using differential interference contrast (DIC) optics and whole-mount immunocytochemistry with anti-Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, we classified chloride cells into three developmental stages: a single chloride cell without an apical pit, a single chloride cell with an apical pit, and a multicellular complex of chloride and accessory cells with an apical pit. DIC and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that single chloride cells enlarged and were frequently indented by newly differentiated accessory cells to form multicellular complexes during seawater adaptation. These results indicate that freshwater-type single chloride cells are transformed into seawater-type multicellular complexes during seawater adaptation, suggesting plasticity in the ion-transporting functions of chloride cells in the yolk-sac membrane of tilapia embryos and larvae.

scholarly journals In Vitro Effects of Environmental Salinity and Cortisol on Chloride Cell Differentiation in Embryos of Mozambique Tilapia, OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS, Measured Using a Newly Developed ‘Yolk-Ball’ Incubation System

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (11) ◽  
pp. 1883-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyono Shiraishi ◽  
Junya Hiroi ◽  
Toyoji Kaneko ◽  
Manabu Matsuda ◽  
Tetsuya Hirano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Incubation System

SUMMARY To examine the functional differentiation of chloride cells in the yolk-sac membrane of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) embryos, we developed a ‘yolk-ball’ incubation system in which the yolk sac was separated from the embryonic body and subjected to incubation in vitro. The yolk-ball preparation consists of the yolk and the covering yolk-sac membrane, which contains a rich population of chloride cells. After appropriate cutting, the incision on the yolk ball healed during incubation in balanced salt solution for 3h, so that the yolk-sac membrane completely enclosed the yolk. Yolk balls prepared from freshwater-acclimated embryos were transferred either to fresh water or to sea water and incubated for 48 and 96h to elucidate the morphological changes in the chloride cells in response to environmental salinity. The chloride cells in the yolk-sac membrane were larger in sea water than in fresh water. In yolk balls transferred to sea water, chloride cells often formed multicellular complexes characteristic of seawater-type chloride cells. In those transferred to fresh water, however, the cells were small and rarely formed such complexes. These responses of chloride cells were identical to those observed in intact embryos. Thus, chloride cells in the yolk-sac membrane could differentiate into the seawater type independent of the embryonic body. To examine the possible effects of exogenous cortisol on chloride cell differentiation, the yolk balls were incubated for 48h in fresh water or sea water containing different doses of cortisol (0.1–10μgml−1). Although chloride cells were consistently larger in sea water than in fresh water in all experimental groups, cortisol administration had no effect on chloride cell surface area in either medium. These findings indicate that the chloride cells in the yolk-sac membrane are equipped with an autonomous mechanism of functional differentiation that is independent of the embryonic endocrine and nervous systems. The yolk-ball incubation system established here is an excellent experimental model for further studies on chloride cell differentiation and function.

scholarly journals FINE STRUCTURE OF CHLORIDE CELLS FROM THREE SPECIES OF FUNDULUS

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Philpott ◽  
D. E. Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Secretory Cycle ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Wide Range

A morphological basis for osmoregulation in the teleosts was studied by comparing the fine structure of chloride cells found in epithelia of the gills of three species of fish: Fundulus heteroclitus which can survive in a wide range of salinities, and F. similis and F. chrysotus which are usually restricted to salt water and fresh water environments, respectively. Gills were removed from F. heteroclitus which had been laboratory adapted to either sea water or pond water. For a comparison, gills were also removed from the marine F. similis and the fresh water F. chrysotus which had been adapted to their natural environments. Gill-filaments were fixed in Millonig's phosphate buffered (pH 7.4), 1 per cent osmium tetroxide and were embedded in Epon. Thin sections of filaments were stained with lead hydroxide. The cytoplasm of chloride cells of all three species of Fundulus is heavily populated with mitochondria and is filled with tubules of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum (ER). An orderly secretory cycle was indicated for chloride cells of salt water adapted F. heteroclitus and the marine F. similis. An amorphous material is observed in the agranular ER. Its density increases towards the apical end of the cell. In the apical cytoplasm, tubules of the agranular ER appear to converge and to discharge the amorphous material into an apical cavity. Except for the actual opening of the apical cavity, the distal end of salt water adapted chloride cells is characteristically shielded from the hypertonic environment by thin cytoplasmic flanges projecting from the neighboring epithelial cells. Chloride cells of the fresh water F. chrysotus resemble chloride cells of pond water adapted F. heteroclitus, in that these cells do not have apical cavities with the functional appearance of those in the sea water adapted forms. The distal end of fresh water adapted chloride cells is typically exposed to the free surface of the gill-filament. The possible function of the cell type is discussed.

Fish gills: mechanisms of salt transfer in fresh water and sea water

1971 ◽  
Vol 262 (842) ◽  
pp. 209-249 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Simple Diffusion ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Functional Sites ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Concentration Changes

The teleostean gill is a multi-purpose organ, specialized for respiratory gas exchanges, clearance of waste products of nitrogenous metabolism and maintenance of acid-base and mineral balances. Structural studies reveal a complex epithelium. The ‘chloride-cells are almost certainly the site of ion exchange in relation to salt balance. Functional studies show that the gill is responsible for the net absorption of Na + and Cl - occurring in fresh water and extrusion of these ions in sea water. In fresh water, a coupling between endogenous NH 4 + or H + and HCO 3 - excretion and Na + and Cl - absorption is observed. In sea water active Na + excretion is linked with K + absorption from the external medium. In parallel, active Cl - excretion occurs. The gill is also the site of Na + /Na + and Cl - /Cl - exchanges which involve 25 to 75 % of the internal NaCl per hour. The relative importance of simple diffusion and exchange-diffusion in these exchanges is assessed. Biochemical studies reveal two enzymes playing important roles in the ionic pumps: carbonic anhydrase and Na-K activated ATPase. Studies involving transfer of euryhaline fishes from low to high salinity, show that the switch from freshwater to seawater types of gill function is far from instantaneous. Synthesis or destruction of functional sites and renewal of specialized cells are involved. The role of external or internal NaCl concentration changes as stimuli for these ‘inductive processes’ and the endocrine control of these functional changes are briefly discussed.

LUMINESCENCE OF THE BLACK SEA MICROSCOPIC FUNGI CULTURES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Mashukova ◽  
Olga Mashukova ◽  
Yuriy Tokarev ◽  
Yuriy Tokarev ◽  
Nadejda Kopytina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Control Culture ◽  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Given ◽  
First Time

We studied for the first time luminescence characteristics of the some micromycetes, isolated from the bottom sediments of the Black sea from the 27 m depth. Luminescence parameters were registered at laboratory complex “Svet” using mechanical and chemical stimulations. Fungi cultures of genera Acremonium, Aspergillus, Penicillium were isolated on ChDA medium which served as control. Culture of Penicillium commune gave no light emission with any kind of stimulation. Culture of Acremonium sp. has shown luminescence in the blue – green field of spectrum. Using chemical stimulation by fresh water we registered signals with luminescence energy (to 3.24 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.42 s, which 3 times exceeded analogous magnitudes in a group, stimulated by sea water (p < 0.05). Under chemical stimulation by ethyl alcohol fungi culture luminescence was not observed. Culture of Aspergillus fumigatus possessed the most expressed properties of luminescence. Stimulation by fresh water culture emission with energy of (3.35 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.96 s. Action of ethyl alcohol to culture also stimulated signals, but intensity of light emission was 3–4 times lower than under mechanical stimulation. For sure the given studies will permit not only to evaluate contribution of marine fungi into general bioluminescence of the sea, but as well to determine places of accumulation of opportunistic species in the sea.

Reosquido Desalinasi Metode Evaporasi dengan Ultraviolet Berbasis Mikrokontroller

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdul Azis ◽  
Nuryake Fajaryati
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Evaporation Process ◽  
Heater Element ◽  
The Third ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Arduino Uno

This research aims to create a Reosquido desalination tool for evaporation methods using a microcontroller. This tool can control the temperature to speed up the evaporation process in producing fresh water. The method applied to Reosquido desalination uses Evaporation. The first process before evaporation is the detection of temperature in sea water that will be heated using an element heater. The second process of temperature measurement is to turn off and turn on the Arduino Uno controlled heater, when the temperature is less than 80 ° then the heater is on. The third process is evaporation during temperatures between 80 ° to 100 °, evaporation water sticks to the glass roof which is designed by pyramid. Evaporated water that flows into the reservoir is detected by its solubility TDS value. The fourth process is heater off when the temperature is more than 100 °. Based on the results of the testing, the desalination process using a microcontroller controlled heater can speed up the time up to 55% of the previous desalination process tool, namely manual desalination prsoes without using the heater element controlled by the temperature and controlled by a microcontroller which takes 9 hours. Produces fresh water as much as 30ml from 3000ml of sea water, so that it can be compared to 1: 100.

Solar Water Distillation Using Two Different Phase Change Materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 592-594 ◽  
pp. 2409-2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Naga Sarada ◽  
Banoth Hima Bindu ◽  
Sri Rama R. Devi ◽  
Ravi Gugulothu
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Solar Still ◽  
Water Distillation ◽  
The World

In recent years with the exacerbation of energy shortage, water crisis increases around the world. With the continuous increase in the level of greenhouse gas emissions, the use of various sources of renewable energy is increasingly becoming important for sustainable development. Due to the rising oil price and environmental regulations, the demand of utilizing alternative power sources increased dramatically. Alternative energy and its applications have been heavily studied for the last decade. Energy and water are essential for mankind that influences the socioeconomic development of any nation. Pure water resources become more and more scarce every day as rivers, lakes wells and even seawater pollution rapidly increases. Solar energy is one promising solution to secure power and potable water to future generation. The process of distillation can be used to obtain fresh water from salty, brackish or contaminated water. Water is available in different forms such as sea water, underground water, surface water and atmospheric water. Clean water is essential for good health. The search for sustainable energy resources has emerged as one of the most significant and universal concerns in the 21st century. Solar energy conversion offers a cost effective alternative to our traditional usages. Solar energy is a promising candidate in many applications. Among the alternative energy sources used for electricity production, wind and solar energy systems have become more attractive in recent years. For areas where electricity was not available, stand alone wind and solar systems have been increasingly used. The shortage of drinking water in many countries throughout the world is a serious problem. Humankind has depended for ages on river, sea water and underground water reservoirs for its fresh water needs. But these sources do not always prove to be useful due to the presence of excessive salinity in the water. To resolve this crisis, different methods of solar desalination have been used in many countries. Distillation is a well known thermal process for water purification, most importantly, water desalination. Most of the conventional water distillation processes are highly energy consuming and require fossil fuels as well as electric power for their operation. Single basin solar still is a popular solar device used for converting available brackish or waste water into potable water. Because of its lower productivity, it is not popularly used. Numbers of works are under taken to improve the productivity and efficiency of the solar still. There are large numbers of PCMs that melt and solidify at wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering and spacecraft thermal control applications. The use of PCMs for heating and cooling applications for buildings has been investigated within the past decade. The experimental results computed in the field of water distillation process using solar energy in the presence of energy storage materials sodium sulphate and sodium acetate are discussed in this paper. Keywords: solar energy, saline water, distillation, phase change material.

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