scholarly journals HISTOLOGY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF HUMAN SKIN

1955 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Montagna
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Stratum Granulosum ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
Dark Cells ◽  
Outer Sheath ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Glands

1. In the epidermis non-specific esterase activity outlines a strongly reactive band between the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum. In the epidermis of the palm, there is no such esterase-rich band. 2. The outer sheath of active hair follicles has strong enzyme activity. The degenerating hair bulb in catagen follicles is very strongly reactive, and clusters of cells around the hair club in quiescent follicles are rich in enzyme activity. 3. Strong enzyme activity is found in young sebaceous cells, while decaying sebaceous cells and newly formed sebum are unreactive. Old sebum, however, is very intensely reactive. 4. Only the "dark" cells of eccrine sweat glands show a reaction; the "clear" cells are negative. 5. The cells of axillary apocrine glands abound in enzyme.

scholarly journals HISTOLOGY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF HUMAN SKIN

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Montagna
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Dermal Papilla ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Strong Concentration ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Secretory Coil

1. Various amounts of ß-glucuronidase activity may be found in all of the cutaneous appendages. 2. In the epidermis, the basal layer and the Malpighian layer contain a moderate amount of it, but a band of cells, including the stratum granulosum and the cells immediately above it, is rich in ß-glucuronidase. 3. The cells of the duct of eccrine sweat glands have moderately strong enzyme activity, but those in the secretory coil are strongly reactive; small and large reactive granules are crowded in the reactive cytoplasm. 4. The cells of the secretory coil of the apocrine glands contain more ß-glucuronidase than any other cutaneous appendage. 5. In the sebaceous glands, a very strong concentration of enzyme activity is found in the undifferentiated peripheral cells, a smaller amount of it is found in the differentiating cells. 6. In active hair follicles, the largest amount of ß-glucuronidase is found in the outer root sheath and in the bulb. In the outer sheath, the strongest concentration is found around the level of the keratogenous zone of the cortex. The dermal papilla is strongly reactive. In quiescent hair follicles, the outer root sheath has a moderate amount of enzyme concentration, but the dermal papilla is unreactive. 7. In the dermis, the fibroblasts in the papillary layer, the smooth muscle cells of the arrectores pilorum and the tunica media of arteries, and the fat cells all exhibit enzyme activity. Mast cells show a great concentration of ß-glucuronidase.

Freeze-Fracture Examination of Tight Junctions of Human Eccrine Sweat Glands

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 634-635
Author(s):  
J. V. Briggman ◽  
J. Bigelow ◽  
H. Bank ◽  
S. S. Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Dark Cells ◽  
Clear Cells ◽  
Junctional Complexes ◽  
Secretory Coil ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Glands ◽  
Eccrine Sweat

The prevalence of strands shown by freeze-fracture in the zonula occludens of junctional complexes is thought to correspond closely with the transepi-thelial electrical resistance and with the tightness of the junction and its obstruction to paracellular flow.1 The complexity of the network of junc¬tional complex strands does not appear invariably related to the degree of tightness of the junction, however, as rabbit ileal junctions have a complex network of strands and are permeable to lanthanum. In human eccrine sweat glands the extent of paracellular relative to transcellular flow remains unknown, both for secretion of the isotonic precursor fluid by the coil and for resorption of a hypertonic solution by the duct. The studies reported here undertook, therefore, to determine with the freeze-fracture technique the complexity of the network of ridges in the junctional complexes between cells in the secretory coil and the sweat ducts. Glands from a patient with cystic fibrosis were also examined because an alteration in junctional strands could underlie the decreased Na+ resorption by sweat ducts in this disease. Freeze-fracture replicas were prepared by standard procedures on isolated coil and duct segments of human sweat glands. Junctional complexes between clear cells, between dark cells and between clear and dark cells on the main lumen, and between clear cells on intercellular canaliculi of the coil con¬tained abundant anastomosing closely spaced strands averaging 6.4 + 0.7 (mean + SE) and 9.0 +0.5 (Fig. 1) per complex, respectively. Thus, the junctions in the intercellular canaliculi of the coil appeared comparable in complexity to those of tight epithlia. Occasional junctions exhibited, in addition, 2 to 5 widely spaced anastomosing strands in a very close network basal to the compact network. The fewer junctional complexes observed thus far between the superficial duct cells consisted on the average of 6 strands arranged in a close network and 1 to 4 underlying strands that lay widely separated from one another (Fig. 2). The duct epitelium would, thus, be judged slightly more "leaky" than the coil. Infrequent junctional complexes observed to date in the secretory coil segment of a cystic fibrosis specimen disclosed rela¬tively few closely crowded strands.

Differential antigen expression between human eccrine sweat glands and hair follicles/pilosebaceous units

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leilei Cao ◽  
Liyun Chen ◽  
Haihong Li ◽  
Zairong Wei ◽  
Sitian Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Glands ◽  
Eccrine Sweat

Pathologic S-phase in the cells of eccrine sweat glands and of hair follicles in psoriasis

1980 ◽  
Vol 268 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Galosi ◽  
Helmut Pullmann ◽  
Gerd Klaus Steigleder
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicles ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Glands ◽  
Eccrine Sweat

The development, structure, and function of the submandibular cutaneous (chin) glands in the rabbit.

1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
AG Lyne ◽  
GS Molyneux ◽  
R Mykytowycz ◽  
PF Parakkal
Keyword(s):  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Dark Cells ◽  
And Function ◽  
Development Structure

Embryological, histological, and histochemical features of the chin glands in the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), are described. The glands are modified sweat glands which develop as appendages of the first hair follicles of the pelage. All the secretory cells are of the merocrine type, although some secrete in the typical apocrine manner. In the adult, the glands are much better developed in males than in females. Two main types of secretory cells were clearly seen in most animals, particularly adult males. Cells which stained heavily with osmium tetroxide (dark cells) were also present. No other mammalian cutaneous gland is so complex. Histochemical techniques to demonstrate enzymes revealed that particular glandular components contained large amounts of alkaline phosphatase and the whole gland was well supplied with nerves containing cholinesterases. The function of the secretion from these glands in marking territories is outlined.

scholarly journals HISTOLOGY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF HUMAN SKIN. XV. SITES OF PHOSPHORYLASE AND AMYLO-1,6-GLUCOSIDASE ACTIVITY

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD A. ELLIS ◽  
WILLIAM MONTAGNA
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
External Auditory Meatus ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Glucosidase Activity ◽  
Stratum Spinosum ◽  
Peripheral Cells ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Glands

The localization of phosphorylase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity has been studied in surgical specimens of human skin from the palm, sole, axilla, external auditory meatus, and other representative regions of the body. With few exceptions these enzymes are found in cells which are known to contain glycogen normally. The epidermis shows some variability, but amylo-1,6-glucosidase is generally present in the stratum spinosum, while phosphorylase is found in both the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum. The relative amounts of the enzymes vary with the thickness of the epidermis and with the age of the donor. Growing hair follicles have abundant phosporylase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase in their outer root sheaths, while resting ones contain only phosphorylase. A short portion of the epidermal duct of the eccrine sweat glands has no enzymatic activity, but the remainder of the duct and the secretory portion of the gland is richer in phosphorylase than any other structure of the skin. The apocrine sweat glands have neither enzyme in their secretory coils, but the duct of these glands is rich in phosphorylase. Time sebaceous glands contain both enzymes, but phosphorylase is more concentrated in the peripheral cells of the gland. Neither the centers of the glands nor the sebum contain either enzyme.

DISTRIBUTION OF ANDROGEN METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN ISOLATED TISSUES OF HUMAN FOREHEAD AND AXILLARY SKIN

1978 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. HAY ◽  
M. B. HODGINS
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
Androgen Metabolism ◽  
Isolated Tissues

The distribution of androgen metabolism in human skin was studied using tissues isolated either by direct dissection of axillary skin or by dissection of collagenase-digested forehead and axillary skin. All tissues (epidermis, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles and dermis) were found to contain 17β-, 3β- and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activities, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-Δ4–5 isomerase (Δ5-3β-HSD) activity and 5α-reductase activity. All tissues converted testosterone into 5α-dihydrotestosterone. In confirmation of previous histochemical studies, over 90% of the Δ5-3β-HSD of forehead skin was found in the sebaceous glands. In forehead skin, 40–66% of the 5α-reductase activity was in the sebaceous glands, while in axillary skin 50–70% was in the sweat glands, especially the apocrine glands. There was a more even distribution of 17β-HSD activity in skin tissues than histochemical studies have indicated previously. Knowledge of the distribution of these enzymes has helped in the understanding of the function of androgen metabolism in skin.

scholarly journals Comparative evidence for the independent evolution of hair and sweat gland traits in primates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yana G. Kamberov ◽  
Samantha M. Guhan ◽  
Alessandra DeMarchis ◽  
Judy Jiang ◽  
Sara Sherwood Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Eccrine Gland ◽  
Hair Density ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Human Feature ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Glands ◽  
Eccrine Sweat

AbstractHumans differ in many respects from other primates, but perhaps no derived human feature is more striking than our naked skin. Long purported to be adaptive, humans’ unique external appearance is characterized by changes in both the patterning of hair follicles and eccrine sweat glands, producing decreased hair cover and increased sweat gland density. Despite the conspicuousness of these features and their potential evolutionary importance, there is a lack of clarity regarding how they evolved within the primate lineage. We thus collected and quantified the density of hair follicles and eccrine sweat glands from five regions of the skin in three species of primates: macaque, chimpanzee and human. Although human hair cover is greatly attenuated relative to that of our close relatives, we find that humans have a chimpanzee-like hair density that is significantly lower than that of macaques. In contrast, eccrine gland density is on average 10-fold higher in humans compared to chimpanzees and macaques, whose density is strikingly similar. Our findings suggest that a decrease in hair density in the ancestors of humans and apes was followed by an increase in eccrine gland density and a reduction in fur cover in humans. This work answers longstanding questions about the traits that make human skin unique and substantiates a model in which the evolution of expanded eccrine gland density was exclusive to the human lineage.

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