Effects of fall dormancy of alfalfa on seed production at a northern latitude

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
D. T. Fairey ◽  
N. A. Fairey ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch ◽  
J. A. C. Lieverse
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Peace River ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
River Region ◽  
Fall Dormancy ◽  
Alfalfa Varieties ◽  
Seed Crops

AbstractThe agri-climatic adaptation of an alfalfa variety in North America is categorized by its Fall Dormancy Rating (FDR1 = dormant to FDR9 = non-dormant). Presently, only relatively dormant, winter-hardy varieties (FDR1–4) are grown for seed and herbage at the northern latitudes of western Canada. However, there is considerably greater demand for seed of varieties that have FDR ≥ 4. A study was conducted in the Peace River region of north-western Canada to determine the relationship between FDR and seed production of alfalfa with FDR ≥ 4. Trials were established in each of two consecutive years with four varieties representing each of six FDR categories, FDR4–9. Growth characteristics were determined for two successive years of seed crops for each year of establishment. Seed yield (as a percentage of that for FDR4) was 84, 52, 40, 29 and 39% for FDR5 to FDR9, respectively, whereas total biomass at seed maturity was 89,73, 73, 57 and 57% for FDR5 to FDR9, respectively. Seed yield was more sensitive to changes in FDR than total biomass. Short rotations of specific alfalfa varieties with FDR ≥ 4 could be an option for seed growers in the northerly latitudes of western Canada, provided greater financial compensation is given for higher FDR varieties, and provided genetic drift can be retained within acceptable limits.

Effects of water and nitrogen on seed production of creeping red fescue

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Seed Crop ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Seed Crops

In order to address a paucity of information, a study was conducted in the Peace River region of northwestern Canada to determine the effects on seed production of creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. var. rubra) of six water treatments [natural precipitation and 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200% of the average, cumulative, long-term precipitation (LTP) of 459 mm yr-1] in combination with four N-fertilization regimes (zero + 102, 34 + 68, 68 + 34, and 102 + zero kg ha-1 N for the first + second crops, respectively). The 2-yr seed yield exceeded 2900 kg ha-1 when N was supplied to just one of the two seed crops, viz. with 150 to 200% LTP when N was applied only to the first seed crop, and with 125 to 150% LTP when N was applied only to the second seed crop. Under the prevailing, long-term, moisture environment at the study site (100% LTP), total seed yield over two production years was greatest (2136 kg ha-1) with 68 + 34 kg ha-1 N. The effects of the water and N treatments on seed yield were not associated with the mass of root organic matter recovered after the harvest of the second seed crop. These results confirm, and begin to quantify, numerous visual observations in the Peace River region that seed yields of creeping red fescue are restricted by insufficient precipitation. Key words: Creeping red fescue, Festuca rubra, grass seed production, nitrogen fertility, water, soil moisture

Effect of shallow, rotary cultivation with vertical tines and nitrogen fertilization on the seed productivity of creeping red fescue

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-719
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Rotor Speed ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
River Region ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
Seed Crops

A field study in the Peace River region of north-western Canada evaluated the effect of shallow rotary cultivation with vertical tines on the seed production of stands of creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. var. rubra). At four sites, rotary cultivation treatments (None, Low, Medium and High tine rotor speed) were applied after the harvest of the first and second seed crops, in factorial combination with the time of application of 68 kg ha-1 N fertilizer (Early fall, Late fall, and Split 1:1 early:late fall). In harvest years 2 and 3, the effect of site on seed yield per unit land area was modified by both N and rotary cultivation. In harvest year 2, seed yield at Site 1 was increased greatly by rotary cultivation, regardless of the tine rotor speed, but there was little difference among the four cultivation treatments at the other three sites. In harvest year 3, seed yield was increased with Low, Medium and High rotary cultivation to 6- to 11-fold that without rotary cultivation at Sites 1 and 2 but only to 1.4- to 2-fold at Sites 3 and 4. Seed yield response to rotary cultivation was dependent on site and year, a reflection of the physiological status of the fescue plants at each specific site. Rotary cultivation treatments may have been too detrimental to tiller growth and development for sustaining and enhancing seed yield, particularly at Sites 3 and 4 prior to harvest year 2. There was no consistent pattern of response in seed yield among the four sites to the three N treatments in either harvest year 2 or 3. Although there was a significant (P < 0.001) N × rotary cultivation interaction for seed yield in harvest year 3, the pattern among cultivation treatments was generally similar for each N treatment; compared to no cultivation, the three cultivation treatments more than doubled seed yield to 255–322 kg ha-1 with Early and Split N and increased it 4- to 6-fold to 203–288 kg ha-1 with Late N. There is some potential for rotary cultivation, but the selected treatments were generally too aggressive in suppressing tillers. Key words: Rejuvenation of creeping red fescue, mechanical rejuvenation, rotary cultivation, power-harrowing, grass seed production

scholarly journals Performance of Field Pea and Lentil When Intercropped with Faba Bean and Chickpea in the Peace River Region of Alberta, Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Kabal Singh Gill ◽  
Darcy Boisvert
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
Total Seed

Research information concerning intercropping legumes with non-legumes for seed production is extensively available, but concerning legume-legume intercropping is from tropical areas only. Field pea and lentil tend to lodge as they reach maturity and this can result in harvesting difficulties as well as reduced seed yield and quality. The objectives of this study were to assess crop response and seed production when field pea (Pisum staivum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) were intercropped with lodging resistant faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), in the Peace River region of Alberta, Canada. The combinations of lentil+faba bean, lentil+chickpea, field pea+faba bean and field pea+chickpea intercrops; and their sole crops were tested in 2015, 2016 and 2017. Seeding rates were either 75 or 100% of lentil and field pea; and either 50 or 75% of faba bean and chickpea for intercrops; and 100% for sole crops. Compared to the seed rates in the intercrops, the plant counts were similar or slightly lower for lentil and field pea sole crops, while they were similar or lower for faba bean and chickpea sole crops. Plant height of lentil and field pea was similar in sole crops and intercrops, while faba bean and chickpea were stunted in some intercrop treatments. There was reduced lodging of lentil and field pea in the intercrops compared to sole crops in 2016 and 2017, which could provide better harvesting conditions. Compared to sole crops, the seed yield and land equivalent ratio (LER) of individual crops in the intercropping treatments were similar or slightly lower than the seeding rates for lentil and field pea, while they were similar or noticeably lower for faba bean and chickpea. There was very little gain in the total seed yield and total LER values from the intercrops in 2015, due to very dry weather conditions. However with adequate rain in 2016 and 2017, the lentil intercrops provided greater total seed yield and total LER than the sole crops, but the gains in the total seed yield and total LER from the field pea intercrops over the sole field pea were small and not consistent. Overall, the results indicate a potential for improving seed yield and total LER over the sole crops of lentil by intercropping with faba bean and chickpea.

Effect of seeding rate on seed production of perennial ryegrass after establishment with a grain companion crop in the Peace River region of north-western Canada

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Companion Crop ◽  
Viable Seeds

A field study in the Peace River region of north-western Canada evaluated the effect of seeding rate on the seed yield and quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in the year after establishment with a grain companion crop. Each of two sites was sown with 70 kg ha–1 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and under-sown, in 30-cm rows, with three cultivars (All*Star, Barclay and Repell) of diploid perennial ryegrass at seeding rates of 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400 and 4800 viable seeds m–2. During the establishment year of the perennial ryegrass, the grain yield of the barley companion crop was comparable to commercial yields for the region. Time of seed maturity, seed yield and thousand-seed weight of perennial ryegrass were not significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by the seeding rate, but were by cultivar. There was a significant (P ≤ 0.01) seeding rate × cultivar interaction for fertile tiller density and specific seed weight. Seed dockage differed significantly (P ≤ 0.001) among cultivars (16.7–27.9%) and increased with seeding rate (19.8–24.2%), and the germination capacity of the harvested seed was unaffected by seeding rate or cultivar. Grass seed yield was positively associated with fertile tiller density for each cultivar (r = 0.454***, n = 72 for All*Star; r = 0.364***, n = 72 for Repell; and r = 0.719***, n = 72 for Barclay). Compared with the other cultivars, Barclay matured 13 –15d later, had the lowest density of fertile tillers (1330 m–2), the highest seed dockage (27.9%) and the lowest seed yield (345 kg ha–1). All*Star had the highest seed yield (774 kg ha–1), the lowest seed dockage (16.7%), and the highest thousand-seed weight (1.55g). Repell was intermediate in seed yield (633 kg ha–1) but similar to All*Star, rather than Barclay, in other characteristics. The later maturity, creeping habit and prostrate stature of Barclay may have reduced its ability to produce fertile tillers and seed as efficiently as the other two cultivars at this northern latitude. In the Peace River region, there is potential for under-seeding a spring grain crop with perennial ryegrass for the production of successive harvests of grain and grass seed, provided the cultivar of perennial ryegrass is adequately adapted for seed production. The seeding rate for the perennial ryegrass is not particularly critical and 150–300 viable seeds m–2 should be adequate for diploid perennial ryegrass grown in rows with a grain companion crop. Key words: Perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., grass seed production, grass seed quality, seeding rate, grain companion crop

scholarly journals Paclobutrazol Improves Sesame Yield by Increasing Dry Matter Accumulation and Reducing Seed Shattering Under Rainfed Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zeeshan Mehmood ◽  
Ghulam Qadir ◽  
Obaid Afzal ◽  
Atta Mohi Ud Din ◽  
Muhammad Ali Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Seed Shattering ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Leaf Greenness

AbstractSeveral biotic and abiotic stresses significantly decrease the biomass accumulation and seed yield of sesame crops under rainfed areas. However, plant growth regulators (such as Paclobutrazol) can improve the total dry matter and seed production of the sesame crop. The effects of the paclobutrazol application on dry matter accumulation and seed yield had not been studied before in sesame under rainfed conditions. Therefore, a two-year field study during 2018 and 2019 was conducted with key objectives to assess the impacts of paclobutrazol on leaf greenness, leaf area, total dry matter production and partitioning, seed shattering, and seed yield of sesame. Two sesame cultivars (TS-5 and TS-3) were treated with four paclobutrazol concentrations (P0 = Control, P1 = 100 mg L−1, P2 = 200 mg L−1, P3 = 300 mg L−1). The experiment was executed in RCBD-factorial design with three replications. Compared with P0, treatment P3 improved the leaf greenness of sesame by 17%, 38%, and 60% at 45, 85, and 125 days after sowing, respectively. However, P3 treatment decreased the leaf area of sesame by 14% and 20% at 45 and 85 days after sowing than P0, respectively. Compared with P0, treatment P3 increased the leaf area by 46% at 125 days after sowing. On average, treatment P3 also improved the total biomass production by 21% and partitioning in roots, stems, leaves, capsules, and seeds by 23%, 19%, 23%, 22%, and 40%, respectively, in the whole growing seasons as compared to P0. Moreover, under P3 treatment, sesame attained the highest seed yield and lowest seed shattering by 27% and 30%, respectively, compared to P0. This study indicated that by applying the paclobutrazol concentration at the rate of 300 mg L−1 in sesame, the leaf greenness, leaf areas, biomass accumulation, partitioning, seed yield, and shatter resistance could be improved. Thus, the optimum paclobutrazol level could enhance the dry matter accumulation and seed production capacity of sesame by decreasing shattering losses under rainfed conditions.

The effect of late fall seeding time on the seed production of Italian ryegrass

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-645
Author(s):  
Bruce Coulman ◽  
Heather Loeppky ◽  
Martin Entz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Seeding Time

Coulman, B., Loeppky, H. and Entz, M. 2015. The effect of late fall seeding time on the seed production of Italian ryegrass. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 641–645. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a cool-season grass, which behaves as an annual in the Great Plains region of western Canada and is used as a grazing crop. Italian ryegrass requires vernalization for reproductive development to occur. Late fall (dormant) seedings, which have been used for annual crop species, have often resulted in earlier developing seedlings in the spring and higher yield than spring seedings. For Italian ryegrass, dormant seedings may result in vernalization of early-spring-germinating seedlings, allowing seed production without having to overwinter established plants. The objective of this study was to compare the seed yield and stand establishment of late fall (dormant) and spring seedings of Italian ryegrass at three locations in the Great Plains region of western Canada. Stand establishment was assessed by measuring tiller density in the month of June, and these densities were greater for spring than late fall seedings. Most spring seedings had no reproductive development and, thus, no seed yield; however, most late fall seedings produced seed the following year, indicating that vernalization of early-developing seedlings did occur. There were significant differences in seed yield among the four cultivars tested and among sites. Based on the high variation in seed yield among cultivars and sites and the relatively low yield levels obtained, late fall seedings of Italian ryegrass cannot be recommended in the Great Plains region of western Canada.

scholarly journals MIRlDS IN 'GRASSLANDS MAKU' LOTUS SEED CROPS: FRIENDS OR FOES?

1983 ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
P.T.P. Clifford ◽  
J.A. Wightman ◽  
D.N.J. Whitford
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Pod Shattering ◽  
Lotus Seed ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Insecticide Control

The need for mirid (Calocoris norvegicus Gmel.) control to improve seed yields of 'Grasslands Maku' lotus seed crops was studied over two seasons on a crop near Lincoln, Canterbury. In 1980 seed yields were increased by 40% to 850 kg/ha by the application of bromophos (500 g a.i./ha) in mid-December to remove a population of 30 mirids/20 net sweeps. In 1981, demetonb-methyl (200 g a.i./haj was applied along with a water only control in mid-November, followed by a blanket spray of bromophos in mid-December. There were two separate effects resulting from the use of metasystox. Although demetondmethyl protection gave a higher seed yield/stem for early-formed flowerheads the pattern was reversed for the later-formed flowerheads because early mirid attack increased flowerhead numbers/stem. Laterformed umbels gave a more concentrated span of flowering, which enhanced better timing of harvest of this crop which is prone to pod shattering. The recommendation is to control mirids only in mid-December using bromophos. an insecticide that is relatively bee safe. Key Words: Seed production, Lotus pedunculatus, mirids, Calocoris norvegicus, insecticide control

Crop density and seed production of creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. var. rubra). 1. Yield and plant development

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Initial Population Density ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Clean Seed ◽  
Seed Crops

The natural growth habit of creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. var. rubra) involves a steady proliferation of tillers, which eventually become too dense to form seedheads. A field study was conducted to evaluate whether seed yield of fescue can be optimized for one, two or three consecutive crops by manipulating the initial population density and arrangement of plants. Individual seedling plants were transplanted at seven densities (1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 plants m−2) and three row spacings (20, 40 and 80 cm), and characteristics of seed production were determined for 3 yr (1991–1993). Heading commenced at dates differing by 16 d in the 3 yr and was delayed by up to 7 d as density increased. Seed maturity occurred in a 7-d period in each year (15–22 July). For a single harvest, an initial density of 12–100 plants m−2 on a row spacing of 20 cm or 12–50 plants m−2 on a row spacing of 40 cm is required to optimize yield and produce about 600 kg ha−1 of clean seed. For two consecutive harvests, an initial population density of 6–25 plants m−2 on a row spacing of 20 cm or 6–50 plants m−2 on a row spacing of 40 cm is required to optimize yield and produce a total of about 800 kg ha−1 of clean seed. For producing for either 1 or 2 yr, a density of 12–25 plants m−2 on rows no wider than 40 cm is required to optimize seed yield in each year. The probability of producing a third seed crop decreases markedly as the initial plant density increases and as the row spacing decreases. It is probably uneconomic to harvest more than two consecutive seed crops with current management practices. Key words: Red fescue; Festuca rubra var. rubra, population density, plant spacing, seed production

scholarly journals Phalaris and tall fescue seed production: Volunteer control and herbicide tolerance

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 214-217
Author(s):  
K. Reddy ◽  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
W.J. Archie
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Good Tolerance ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields

Experiments in grass seed crops investigated the control of volunteers in phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) and tolerance of phalaris seed crops to four herbicides and tall fescue (Festuca arundiacea) to eight herbicides. Atrazine at 2040 g/ha gave 94% control of volunteer phalaris and both atrazine at 2040 g/ha and ethofumesate at 2000 g/ha showed good tolerance with phalaris seed yields of 760 and 750 kg/ha compared to untreated control which had a seed yield of 620 kg/ha. Tall fescue seed yields showed good tolerance to terbuthylazine at 750 g/ha, prodiamine at 65 g/ha, chlorpropham at 1200 g/ha, diuron at 1800 g/ha and oxyflurofen at 288 g/ha with seed yields of 2580-2730 kg/ha compared to untreated of 2200 kg/ha. In the second year, burn treatments with metolachlor at 1920 g/ha gave 88 % volunteer control with a seed yield of 1380 kg/ha compared with untreated control of 1090 kg/ha.

CAUSAL AGENTS OF SILVER TOP AND OTHER TYPES OF DAMAGE TO GRASS SEED CROPS

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 660-670
Author(s):  
D. A. Arnott ◽  
I. Bergis
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Stem Tissue ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Peace River ◽  
Aceria Tulipae ◽  
River Region ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Fusarium Poae ◽  
Experimental Infestation ◽  
Seed Crops

AbstractStudies during 1962–64 showed that the mites Siteroptes graminum (Reut.) and Aceria tulipae Keifer, thrips, and the fungus, Fusarium poae (Pk.) Wr., were not causal agents of silver top in the Peace River region, and indicated leafhoppers were probably not involved. The fact that silver top is controlled with insecticides, but not with miticides, constituted strong evidence for insects as causal agents. In 1963, extensive examination of grasses with silver top revealed minute, inconspicuous punctures, 0.01 to 0.04 mm in diameter through leaf sheaths which were typical of chose made by insects with piercing and sucking mouthparts such as plant bugs. In 1964, attempts to produce silver top by infesting grass plants with plant bugs, leafhoppers, and spittlebugs were unsuccessful for reasons in-explainable. Non-appearance of silver top in either infested or uninfested plants, however, indicated the causal agent was not present in the plants or attached soil when collecred from fields in mid-May. Further studies in 1965 showed that grasses affected by silver top were infested with the plant bugs Stenodema trispinosum Reut., S. vicinum (Prov.), Litomiris debilis Uhl., Capsus simulans Stal., and Trigonotylus ruficornis (Geof.). Experimental infestation of plants with these bugs showed that they fed on stems by puncturing through leaf sheaths and so damaging stem tissue as to cause silver top. In 1966, examination of grasses with silver top from southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Oregon revealed punctures in leaf sheaths opposite areas of stem injury, indicating that plant bugs probably cause silver top in these regions.

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