Penicillium italicum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Diseased Fruit ◽  
Primary Habitat

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium italicum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The primary habitat is fruit of Citrus species, but it has been isolated from soils and decaying vegetation (DOMSCH et al., 1980), including radish, parsley, and mouldy wheat bread (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASES: A pathogen of citrus fruits, causing a destructive rot (blue mould rot) of considerable economic importance. Symptoms of the disease are soft, watery, discoloured tissue. Lesions are not large and, with time, become covered in a white powdery growth of mycelium which soon turns blue. The infection is more prevalent in store, where the disease spreads in packed containers and results in nests or pockets of diseased fruit (WHITESIDE et al., 1988). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, but more prevalent in tropical and subtropical climates.

Penicillium janthinellum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Penicillium Janthinellum ◽  
Cured Meats ◽  
Animal Specimen

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium janthinellum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: This is primarily a soil species (DOMSCH et al., 1980), but has also been isolated from dates, almonds, groundnuts, pistachios, maize, barley, fermented and cured meats (PITT & HOCKING, 1997), air, tulip, animal specimen preserved in formaldehyde and PVC/paper wall covering (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASES: Penicillium janthinellum has been reported on one occasion from sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage from an AIDS patient (GILL et al., 1997). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: World-wide.

Penicillium crustosum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Copper Electroplating ◽  
Penicillium Crustosum ◽  
Temperate Climates

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium crustosum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Although primarily considered to be a weak pathogen of pomaceous fruits, the species is an ubiquitous spoilage organism, particularly in cereals and compound feedstuffs, and probably also on decaying vegetation in temperate climates (PITT & HOCKING, 1997). Penicillium crustosum has also been isolated from cheese, blueing powder for cheese, fruit juice, thyme, cassava, citrus, copper electroplating solution, PVA emulsion, poultry litter, soil and tobacco (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASES: It is considered to be a weak pathogen of pomaceous fruits, particularly apples (SANDERSON & SPOTTS, 1995). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, but more commonly isolated in temperate climates.

Aspergillus aculeatus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Aspergillus Aculeatus ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Organic Debris

Abstract A description is provided for Aspergillus aculeatus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Not a common species, but it has been isolated from soils and organic debris (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASES: Causes postharvest dry rot of tomatoes (FAJOLA, 1979). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, but with a preference for tropical and subtropical climates.

Penicillium expansum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. S. Onions
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Wounds And Injuries ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Blue Mould

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium expansum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found commonly in soil and in a wide variety of organic material including grains and cereal products, and though generally isolated from mouldy fruit, particularly apples, it also occurs on other pomaceous fruit, cherries, grapes, olives, pineapple and sometimes on citrus and avocado (Raper & Thom 1949, 518-522, & Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Blue mould (soft rot) of apple is characterized by the formation of watery, light or yellowish brown areas on the fruit, which may originate from either the stem or calyx ends. A soft brown rot develops which rapidly destroys the whole fruit. Later, under humid conditions, tufts of massed conidiophores with blue-green conidia appear on the surface of the fruit which gives off a characteristic musty odour. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air and soil-borne spores, especially in orchards. The pathogen commonly enters through wounds and injuries but may also penetrate lenticels (11: 658).

Aspergillus penicillioides. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
House Dust ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Dried Fruits ◽  
Jute Sack ◽  
Dried Fish

Abstract A description is provided for Aspergillus penicillioides. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Commonly found on dried products such as spices, cereals, dried nuts, dried fruits, and dried fish (PITT & HOCKING, 1997); air, binocular lens, human skin, desiccated coconut, jute sack and electronic meter (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASES: Grows on human skin, causing the disease known as lobomycosis (RAPER & FENNELL, 1965) (a mycoses). It is also found in house dust, and can therefore cause asthma (HAY et al., 1993). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, but predominantly in tropical and subtropical climates.

Aspergillus restrictus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Aspergillosis ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Cured Meats ◽  
Dried Foods

Abstract A description is provided for Aspergillus restrictus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Isolated from soil, seeds, air, cotton goods (DOMSCH et al., 1980), coffee, walls of a flat (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999) and various dried foods, including cereals, beans, dried and cured fish, dried and cured meats, spices, health foods, traditional noodles and dried prunes (PITT & HOCKING, 1997). DISEASES: On man it has been implicated in pulmonary and invasive aspergillosis, as well as being isolated from an aspergilloma (SMITH, 1989). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, but mainly in tropical and subtropical climates.

Aspergillus carbonarius. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius

Abstract A description is provided for Aspergillus carbonarius. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Isolated from air, paper, soil, cocoa and coffee (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASES: Not known to cause any diseases on plants or animals (including man). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, with a preference for tropical and subtropical climates.

Penicillium italicum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. S. Onions
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Bluish Green ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Citrus Orchards

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium italicum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs on citrus fruit and occasionally in soil of citrus orchards. DISEASE: Blue-mould of citrus. Causes a characteristic soft rot of the fruit and in advanced stages the surface becomes covered in a bluish green or grey green velvety or tufted layer of conidia with a white margin. Finally the fruit becomes soft and often a slimy shapeless mass. The rot differs from that caused by P. digitatum (CMI Descript. 96) which produces an olive coloured conidial layer and finally reduces the fruit to a mummified shell. The two fungi are frequently found together on the same fruit. Raper & Thom (1949) suggest that sclerotial strains might be confused in culture with P. gladioli (CMI Descript. 98) but in the latter the sclerotia are always pinkish. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Common in all citrus producing areas but widespread on citrus fruit as a storage rot. TRANSMISSION: The fungus enters fruit through wounds and also spreads by contact from infected to sound fruit in storage.

Disentangling Astraea lobata: three new names in Astraea based on previous varieties of Croton lobatus (Euphorbiaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 317 (4) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
OTÁVIO LUIS MARQUES DA SILVA ◽  
INÊS CORDEIRO
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Wide Geographical Distribution ◽  
As Species

Within Astraea Klotzsch (1841: 194), Astraea lobata (Linnaeus 1753: 1005) Klotzsch (1841: 194) may be considered the most taxonomically complex species due to its wide geographical distribution and the several varieties that have been proposed for this species by Müller Argoviensis (1866, 1874). In his concept, Müller Argoviensis (1866) united under Croton lobatus Linnaeus (1753: 1005) plants with 3–5-partite leaves almost as long as the petioles, subulate stipules, the bracts not well developed and ovaries with varied indumentum. In De Candolles’s Prodromus, Müller Argoviensis (1866) recognized eight varieties, maintaining this concept in the Flora Brasiliensis (Müller Argoviensis 1874) with few modifications. Morphological characters and geographical distribution support the recognition of some of these varieties as species distinct from A. lobata. As part of an undergoing taxonomic revision of Astraea, these distinct taxa must be validly published for further studies on this genus. Therefore, in this note we propose these novelties with commentaries about morphology and geographic distribution, along with photos to illustrate them and lectotypifications when necessary.

Beauveria bassiana. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. K. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Lymantria Dispar ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Colorado Beetle ◽  
Porthetria Dispar ◽  
New Skin

Abstract A description is provided for Beauveria bassiana. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS & SUBSTRATA: All stages of insects of all groups; lungs of wild rodents, nasal swab of horse; man; giant tortoise. The fungus overwinters in vegetable matter and is found in the soil. DISEASE: The fungus has been known since 1835 as the cause of the muscardine disease of silkworms. Although B. bassiana has multiplied in bees in laboratory tests it has so far not been recorded from bees in nature (Bailey, 1971). According to Wasti & Hartman (1975) penetration of the cuticle of gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar[Lymantria dispar]) larvae takes place 24 h after 2nd instar larvae have crawled over a culture of B. bassiana and within 64h the interior of the insect is completely filled with hyphae. These authors also note penetration of the gut wall. Fargues & Vey (1974), who sprayed conidia on to 3rd instar larvae of Leptinostarsa decemlineata (Colorado beetle), showed that conidia germinate on the surface of the integument, penetrate the loosening skin, and blastospores develop in the moulting fluid, infecting the new integument as it forms. Some individuals cannot finish the moult, in others the delicate new skin ruptures and hyphae enter the haemolymph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide.

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