Penicillium italicum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. S. Onions
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Bluish Green ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Citrus Orchards

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium italicum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs on citrus fruit and occasionally in soil of citrus orchards. DISEASE: Blue-mould of citrus. Causes a characteristic soft rot of the fruit and in advanced stages the surface becomes covered in a bluish green or grey green velvety or tufted layer of conidia with a white margin. Finally the fruit becomes soft and often a slimy shapeless mass. The rot differs from that caused by P. digitatum (CMI Descript. 96) which produces an olive coloured conidial layer and finally reduces the fruit to a mummified shell. The two fungi are frequently found together on the same fruit. Raper & Thom (1949) suggest that sclerotial strains might be confused in culture with P. gladioli (CMI Descript. 98) but in the latter the sclerotia are always pinkish. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Common in all citrus producing areas but widespread on citrus fruit as a storage rot. TRANSMISSION: The fungus enters fruit through wounds and also spreads by contact from infected to sound fruit in storage.

Penicillium expansum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. S. Onions
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Wounds And Injuries ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Blue Mould

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium expansum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found commonly in soil and in a wide variety of organic material including grains and cereal products, and though generally isolated from mouldy fruit, particularly apples, it also occurs on other pomaceous fruit, cherries, grapes, olives, pineapple and sometimes on citrus and avocado (Raper & Thom 1949, 518-522, & Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Blue mould (soft rot) of apple is characterized by the formation of watery, light or yellowish brown areas on the fruit, which may originate from either the stem or calyx ends. A soft brown rot develops which rapidly destroys the whole fruit. Later, under humid conditions, tufts of massed conidiophores with blue-green conidia appear on the surface of the fruit which gives off a characteristic musty odour. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air and soil-borne spores, especially in orchards. The pathogen commonly enters through wounds and injuries but may also penetrate lenticels (11: 658).

Penicillium digitatum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. S. Onions
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
White Mould ◽  
Light Soil ◽  
Green Mould ◽  
Fruit Disease ◽  
Fallen Fruit ◽  
Fruit Surface

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium digitatum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On decaying citrus fruit. DISEASE: Green mould of citrus fruit. Growth is rapid atter infection, the fruit surface becoming covered in a white mould which quickly becomes olive due to the production of the conidia. The fruit then softens and begins to shrink and if exposed to the air becomes a hollow mummified shell. Distinct from Penicillium italicum (see CMI Descript. 99) which is blue-green and finally reduces the fruit to a slimy mass. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Common in all citrus producing areas, but widespread as a storage rot of citrus fruit. TRANSMISSION: Common in soil of citrus producing areas and enters the fruit as a wound parasite but will not penetrate undamaged fruit. Said to occur more frequently than P. italicum on fallen fruit on light soil in Israel (31: 603). Spores also particularly abundant in air of citrus packing houses and fruit conditioning rooms (40: 400; 41: 89).

Penicillium italicum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Diseased Fruit ◽  
Primary Habitat

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium italicum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The primary habitat is fruit of Citrus species, but it has been isolated from soils and decaying vegetation (DOMSCH et al., 1980), including radish, parsley, and mouldy wheat bread (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASES: A pathogen of citrus fruits, causing a destructive rot (blue mould rot) of considerable economic importance. Symptoms of the disease are soft, watery, discoloured tissue. Lesions are not large and, with time, become covered in a white powdery growth of mycelium which soon turns blue. The infection is more prevalent in store, where the disease spreads in packed containers and results in nests or pockets of diseased fruit (WHITESIDE et al., 1988). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, but more prevalent in tropical and subtropical climates.

Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of host plants comprising 58 families including: avocado, castor, Cinchona spp., citrus, cotton, eggplant, guava, lucerne, papaw, parsley, pineapple, Piper betle, rhubarb, sesame, strawberry, tomato. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings (tomato, castor, citrus, cotton); root rot (citrus, avocado, strawberry, lucerne); crown rot (parsley, rhubarb, strawberry, lucerne); brown stem rot of tobacco; stem canker and tip blight of Cinchona spp. ; leaf blight (castor, sesame, pineapple, Piper betle) and fruit rot (citrus, tomato, guava, papaw, eggplant). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Mali, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika); Asia (Burma, Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Israel, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines); Australia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, Tasmania); Europe (Cyprus, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, U.S.S.R.); North America (Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Trinidad);. South America (Argentina, Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, spreading rapidly after heavy rain or where soil remains moist or water-logged (40: 470). Also recorded in drainage water in India and in reservoirs and canals supplying citrus groves in U.S.A. (23: 45; 39: 24). A method for determining a disease potential index in soil using lemon fruit has been described (38: 4). Also present in testas of seeds from diseased citrus fruit which may infect nursery seedbeds (37: 165).

scholarly journals Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid can suppress green and blue moulds of citrus fruit and induce the activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anam Moosa ◽  
Shahbaz Talib Sahi ◽  
Sajid Aleem Khan ◽  
Aman Ullah Malik
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidase ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Green Mould

AbstractThe ability of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid to suppress post-harvest infection with green mould Penicillium digitatum and blue mould P. italicum on three citrus species Citrus reticulata ‘Kinnow’, C. limon ‘Meyer Lemon’, and C. limetta ‘Mosambi’ was evaluated in a dose-response study. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were applied to the fruits as a post-harvest dip treatment followed by wound inoculation with the pathogens. Both resistance inducers caused a significantly lower disease severity compared with the infected but non-treated control, whereas disease incidence was not significantly lower than in the control. The efficacy of both SA and JA in reducing disease severity was concentration-dependent; the use of higher concentrations resulted in a greater degree of suppression. All the Citrus species tested in this study showed different responses in terms of disease development. C. limon ‘Meyer Lemon’ showed the highest disease development, and C. limetta ‘Mosambi’ the lowest. To get an insight into the mechanisms underlying the increase in resistance, the activity of defence-related enzymes – peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) – was recorded in SA- and JA-treated fruit peelings. The activity of both enzymes was directly proportional to the concentration of the SA and JA applications. The highest activity of PPO and POD was observed in C. reticulata ‘Kinnow’ and the lowest in C. limon ‘Meyer Lemon’ fruits. This study is the first to document an increase in the activity of PPO and POD in SA- and JA-treated Citrus species in the presence of blue mould and green mould pathogens.

Rhizopus Soft Rot on Citrus Fruit Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer in Korea

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Hyeuk Kwon ◽  
Chang-Seuk Park
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer

Resistance to benzimidazole fungicide in blue mould of citrus in Queensland

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (70) ◽  
pp. 698 ◽  
Author(s):  
IF Muirhead
Keyword(s):  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Green Mould

Two of seven isolates of Penicillium italicum Wehmer (blue mould) from different consignments of citrus were resistant in vitro to thiabendazole, benomyl, thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim. The application of thiabendazole and benomyl to Late Valencia oranges inoculated with the resistant isolates failed to prevent the development of blue mould. No resistance was found in seven isolates of P. digitatum Sacc. (green mould).

Botrytis allii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Leaf Blast ◽  
Inoculum Sources ◽  
Botrytis Allii

Abstract A description is provided for Botrytis allii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Various species of Allium. DISEASE: Causes grey mould neck rot of onion bulbs in storage and is associated with a leaf blast of seedlings. Scales in the neck region of diseased bulbs shrivel as a brown soft rot develops. As the rotting zone spreads down into the bulb a grey mass of spores and mycelia develops beneath the shrivelled dead scales. A similar rot may also start at the sides or base of bulbs. Botrytis allii may also cause or aggravate leaf blast or damping-off of young seedlings in which other species of Botrytis are involved and may attack flowers (45, 1594). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America, N. and E. Africa, Australia, S.E. Asia (CMI Map 169, ed. 2, 1966). Additional countries since include many in S.E. Asia and Middle East (S. Vietnam, Korea, Taiwan, Nepal, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Rumania) N. Africa (Morocco), Central and South America (Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Chile). TRANSMISSION: Mostly by air-borne conidia, which are produced from diseased bulbs and leaves from infected plant debris and sclerotia. These inoculum sources are largely soil-borne, and seed transmission also occurs (Noble & Richardson, Phytopathological Paper 8, 1968).

Rhizopus oryzae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Vascular Involvement ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Diabetic Rabbits

Abstract A description is provided for Rhizopus oryzae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: In air, soil, compost, and pathogenic for plants, man and other warm blooded animals. DISEASE: Plants: Often in association with R. stolonifer or other fungi, causes pale brown soft rot of fruit, vegetables and bulbs, especially rot of sweet potatoes (Harter et al., 1921; Lauritzen & Harter, 1925; 52, 4179 (as R. nodosus)), root rot of sugar beet (Hildebrand & Koch, 1943; Gaskill & Seliskar, 1952; 52, 1718) and seed-bed losses in groundnuts (Gibson & Clinton, 1953). Also, again in association as above, causes storage rot of many plant products (53, 99) including soyabean seed (54, 1959). Man and animals: Cause of rhinocerebral phycomycosis, sometimes with ocular or vascular involvement in man, particularly diabetics (RMVM 6, 504, 3028; 5, 1426; 8, 2113; 9, 2410). Also reported from bovine mycotic abortion (Nicolet et al., 1966) and from mycotic pneumonia in chicks (RMVM 7, 1861). Has been used in experimental infection of mice, thyroidectomized rats (RMVM 6, 2119) and alloxan-diabetic rabbits (RMVM 7, 2628). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.

Pythium butleri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Citrullus Vulgaris ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Ginger Rhizome

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium butleri. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis pepo, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Ricinus communis (on inoculation), Zingiber officinalis. DISEASES: Foot rot of papaw; soft rot of ginger rhizome; damping-off of tobacco, tomato and chill); cottony rot of cucurbits (plants and fruits) and stem and pod rot of string-bean. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Equatorial and West); Asia (India) and North America (U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne but may be propagated in diseased planting material in the case of ginger rhizomes.

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