Phyllachora eximia. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Available P ◽  
Splash Dispersal ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Tar Spot

Abstract A description is provided for Phyllachora eximia. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Arundinaria alpina (Gramineae); records on Arthrostylidium longiflorum (Gramineae) are doubtful, as are those from 'bamboo'. DISEASE: Tar spot of bamboo. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania; possibly occurs also in South Africa. Records from Brazil, Paraguay, Trinidad and Venezuela are unreliable. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by active air or water-splash dispersal of ascospores; no experimental work is available.

Phyllachora ischaemi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South America ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New South ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Tar Spot

Abstract A description is provided for Phyllachora ischaemi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:? Andropogon amethystinus, A. micranthus, Andropogon sp., Anthistiria sp., Bothriochloa ambigua, B. decipiens, B. intermedia, Brachiaria jubata,? B. longiflora, Capillipedium assimile, C. huegelii, C. parviflorum, C. spicigerum, Cymbopogon marginatus, C. refractus, Dichanthium humilis, D. sericeum, D. tenue, Heteropogon contortus, H. triticeus, Hyparrhenia hirta, Ischaemum arcuatum, I. australe, I. latifolium, I. laxum, I. zeylanicola, Microstegium sp., Monocymbium sp., Schizachyrium sp., Sehima nervosum, Themeda australis, T. avenacea, T. triandra (Gramineae). A record on Bambusa balcooa from Assam (BORAH et al., 1998) is doubtful. DISEASE: Tar spot of grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Kenya, South Africa, Uganda. SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia. ASIA: India (Kumaon, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh), Indonesia, Myanmar, Taiwan. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland), Papua New Guinea. TRANSMISSION: No experimental evidence is available, but related fungi are transmitted through air-dispersal and possibly also water-splash of ascospores.

Phyllachora eleusines. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Eleusine Coracana ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Tar Spot

Abstract A description is provided for Phyllachora eleusines. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Eleusine coracana, E. floccifolia, E. jaegeri, E. multiflora, Eragrostis amanda, E. braunii, E. curvula, E. superba (Gramineae). Unconfirmed records from a number of other species of Eleusine and Eragrostis. DISEASE: Tar spot of finger millet and related grasses. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Zaire. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Alabama, Georgia, Nebraska, New Mexico, Texas). SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Venezuela. AUSTRALASIA: Australia. TRANSMISSION: Not studied in detail, but morphological features agree with those of relatives which have been shown to disperse ascospores actively via air currents, possibly with secondary dispersal via water splash.

Phyllachora acaciae var. acaciae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Available P ◽  
Wind Dispersal ◽  
Tar Spot

Abstract A description is provided for Phyllachora acaciae var. acaciae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Acacia acuifera, A. amentacea, A. coriophylla, A. farnesiana, A. gerrardii, A. macracantha, A. nilotica, A. nilotica subsp. indica, A. robusta, A. sieberiana, A. tortilis subsp. spirocarpa, A. tortuosa, A. unijuga, A. verrucigera, A. wrightii, Acacia sp. ;? Mimosa sp., Pithecellobium sophorocarpum. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves and petioles. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Antigua, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Honduras, Kenya, Mexico, Montserrat, Panama, Puerto Rico, South Africa, South Yemen, Sudan, Tanzania, USA (Florida, Texas), Uganda, Venezuela, Virgin Islands. TRANSMISSION: Presumably via wind dispersal of ascospores; no research is available.

Calonectria scoparia. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Crous
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Araucaria Heterophylla ◽  
Splash Dispersal ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Stem Cankers

Abstract A description is provided for Calonectria scoparia. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Acacia spp. (68, 1566), Araucaria heterophylla, Eucalyptus spp., Fragaria sp., Luma sp., Medicago sativa, M. truncatula, Persea americana, Pinus spp., Pisum sativum, Rhododendron spp., Prunus sp., Syncarpia gummifera. DISEASE: Damping off, root rot, cutting rot, stem cankers, leaf spotting, seedling and shoot blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, India, Kenya, Mauritius, South Africa. TRANSMISSION: Wind and splash dispersal.

Diplocarpon earliana. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Splash Dispersal ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Diplocarpon earliana. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Fragaria. DISEASE: Strawberry leaf scorch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout temperate zones and extending into the tropics in Malaysia, Taiwan, Australia and New Guinea; Africa (Rhodesia, Zambia, South Africa, Canary Islands); Europe (except Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Russia); North America (Canada, USA, Jamaica); South America (Brazil, Uruguay); Asia (Armenia, Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, W. Malaysia). Appears to be most important in USA and eastern Europe (CMI Map 452, ed. 1, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by splash dispersal of conidia from infected leaves. Ascospores appear to be unimportant and in some regions (Poland; 46, 2074) where the perfect state has not been found.

Phyllachora setariicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
New South ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Tar Spot ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Phyllachora setariicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Alloteropsis semialata (syn. Axonopus semialatus), Cyrtococcum patens, Digitaria sanguinalis, Guadua latifolia, Melinis sp., Oplismenus aemulus, O. burmannii, O. compositus, O. flaccidus, O. hirtellus, O. humboldtianus, O. imbecilis, O. setarius, O. undulatifolius, Panicum carinatum, P. hians, P. leucophaeum, P. longifolium, P. maximum, P. nepalense, P. plicatum, P. pygmaeum, P. sanguinolentum, P. sciurotes, P. sulcatum, Paspalum conjugatum, P. orbiculare, P. saccharoides, Pennisetum clandestinum, P. distachyum,? Phalaris sp., Setaria chevalieri, S. italica, S.? kagerensis, S. palmifolia, S. plicatilis, S. sphacelata var. aurea (syn. S. aurea), Setaria sulcata, Urochloa trichopus, Valota laxa (Gramineae). DISEASE: Tar spot of grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. AFRICA: Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Zaire. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Alabama, New Jersey). CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay. ASIA: China (Guangdong), India (Kerala), Indonesia, Japan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland), New Caledonia. TRANSMISSION: Not studied in detail, but morphological features agree with those of relatives which have been shown to disperse ascospores actively via air currents, possibly with secondary dispersal via water splash.

Phomopsis caricae-papayae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Infected Area

Abstract A description is provided for Phomopsis caricae-papayae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Carica papaya (papaw or papaya or pawpaw). DISEASE: Stem rot and fruit rot of Carica papaya. Stem rot starts near the base or higher as well defined lesions spreading rapidly. In severe cases causes death of plants. On fruits the visible symptoms are water-soaked spot on the surface which increases on maturity. The infected area becomes depressed, dark brown to black and revealing cracks at an advanced stage (Dhingra & Khare, 1971). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Nigeria, South Africa), Asia (India, Pakistan), Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Queensland; Hawaii); West Indies (Dominican Republic, St. Lucia); South America (Brazil, Pernambuco; Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: The method of natural infection and factors which favour the spread of the disease have not been thoroughly studied. Presumably by conidia dispersed by water splash and the fungus survives on dry stems and leaf stalks.

Calonectria colhounii var. macroconidialis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Crous
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Splash Dispersal

Abstract A description is provided for Calonectria colhounii var. macroconidialis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Eucalyptus grandis (Crous et al., 1993a). DISEASE: Leaf spot, root rot, wilt (Crous et al., 1993b). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa (Crous et al., 1993a, b). TRANSMISSION: Splash dispersal in Eucalyptus cutting nurseries.

Xanthomonas pelargonii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. McPherson
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Greenhouse Whitefly ◽  
Splash Dispersal ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Brownish Black

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas pelargonii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Pelargonium spp., also a number of Geranium spp. DISEASE: Bacterial stem rot and leaf spot. The leaf spot phase is characterized by irregular, small, brown, withered, initially water-soaked spots, bordered by a narrow greenish yellow zone, and exuding a small amount of bacterial slime. The stem rot phase gives a brownish black discoloration of the stem tissue and often wilting followed by angular necrosis of the leaves delimited by the main veins. These leaves die back to the stem, but remain attached until finally only the terminal leaves appear healthy. Pythium debaryanum causes very similar symptoms on Pelargonium stems. The fungus, however, produces a blackish-green to almost coal black rot, whereas the bacterium gives a brown to brownish-black rot. The fungal disease progresses much faster. Microscopical examinations reveal fungal mycelium. A Pseudomonas sp. has also been recorded as giving similar symptoms on Pelargonium (Baker, Ministry of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 25: 292, 1972). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe and N. America, also reported from the Middle East and Australia (CMI Map 414, ed. 1, 1966). Additional occurrences include France (44, 3071), Netherlands (11, 767), Romania (46, 1409), Scotland (53, ld), Switzerland (55, 5239), Yugoslavia (54, 4405), Morocco (51, 3809), Iran (49, 910d) and Japan (46, 1947). TRANSMISSION: Under horticultural conditions the disease is spread mainly by operations concerned with vegetative propagation and, in particular, by diseased stock plants, which may appear healthy and by contaminated knives. Water splash dispersal also occurs (34, 369). Transmission by greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, has also been demonstrated (41, 523; 42, 553).

Eutypa armeniacae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Carter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Abscission Layer ◽  
Water Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Eutypa armeniacae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: As a pathogen on apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and Ceanothus spp. As a saprophyte on apricot (Prunus armeniaca), almond (Prunus amygdalus[Prunus dulcis]), apple (Malus sylvestris, walnut (Juglans regia), grapevine (Vitis vinifera), tamarisk (Tamarix sp.), Ceanothus spp. and Berberis darwinii. DISEASE: 'Gummosis' or 'dieback' of apricots in Australia (Adam et al., 1952). 'Cytosporina dieback' of apricots in California (42, 474). A contributing factor to the syndrome known as 'apricot apoplexy' in various European countries (Carter, private communications). Dieback of Ceanothus spp. in Australia and California (Moller et al., 1971). The dieback disease of apricots is also known to be associated with this pathogen in New Zealand (40, 88) and South Africa (Price, 1973). On apricot, the classical symptoms occur on trees of all ages: cankering, sometimes associated with exudation of gum, in the vicinity of wounds which expose the sapwood, most commonly those made by pruning instruments. Ultimately the leaves on the part of the branch distal to the canker wither and die, usually in mid- to late summer, typically remaining attached for many months because no abscission layer has formed. Internally, the sapwood is discoloured light brown to dark brown, with a dffluse margin. Pycnidia may appear, usually in winter, on wood and bark nearby advanced infections. The pycnidiospores have never been seen to germinate and appear to have no role in transmission of the pathogen. Perithecia are immersed in a stroma which may develop two or more years after death of a branch. The stroma may remain productive for at least six years, producing one generation of perithecia annually, maturing in early spring. In California and in South Africa, external canker symptoms were for many years confused with those caused by bacteria or the genus Pseudomonas, but the internal symptoms are usually quite distinctive and the presence of E. armeniacae has been confirmed by culturing and by serology. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, New Zealand, North America (California), Europe (France, Spain, Switzerland), South Africa. Absent from Chile in a disease survey conducted by English et al. (1967). Absence of records from the Asian continent are attributed to lack of information. TRANSMISSION: Entirely by air-borne ascospores; secondary dispersal from the tree surfaces is by water-splash and run during rainfall, carrying ascospores to the vessels exposed at wounds (45, 511).

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