Phytophthora nicotianae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Tomato Root ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora nicotianae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Principally Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum, Capsicum annuum and Citrus sp. A very large number of other agricultural and ornamental crops, both temperate and tropical, are also affected, including avocado, strawberry, pineapple, papaya, guava, eggplant and durian. DISEASE: Blackshank of tobacco, buckeye of tomato, root and fruit rot of capsicum, root rot of citrus. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, but particularly common in the tropics and sub-tropics. TRANSMISSION: By zoospores in surface water and rainsplash. Chlamydospores (and oospores, when formed) act as perennating structures.

Pezizella oenotherae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Paeonia Suffruticosa ◽  
Epilobium Angustifolium

Abstract A description is provided for Pezizella oenotherae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Acer pseudoplatanus, Ampelopsis, Calluna, Castanea, Cercis, Cornus, Dianthus caryophyllus, Dissotis paucistellata, Duchesnia, Epilobium angustifolium, Eucalyptus robusta, E. saligna, Fagus sylvatica, Fragaria vesca, Gaultheria, Gaura, Hicoria, Jambosa, Lythrum, Nyssa, Oenothera, Paeonia suffruticosa, Pelargonium, Populus, Potentilla, Prunus, Quercus, Rhododendron, Rhus, Ribes, Rosa sentifolia, Rubus, Salix, Smilax, Ulmus, Vitis. DISEASE: Black lesion root rot of strawberry, strawberry fruit rot, strawberry leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide. Europe (UK, Germany, Cyprus); Africa, (Malawi, Guinea, Zambia); N. America (USA, Canada); Asia (India, Singapore, Korea, Malaysia, Israel); Australia, New Zealand.

Rhizopus stolonifer. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sarbhoy
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Artocarpus Integrifolia

Abstract A description is provided for Rhizopus stolonifer. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On fruits: papaya, plum, strawberry, sweet potato, cotton, groundnuts and in rhizosphere soil of various plants, soil and decaying leaves. DISEASE: Causing fruit rot of plum, Jak fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia[Artocarpus integer]), strawberry ('leak'), peach and a rot of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and cotton bolls. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Air-borne and also by fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, associated with decaying fruit (RAM 43, 576).

Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of host plants comprising 58 families including: avocado, castor, Cinchona spp., citrus, cotton, eggplant, guava, lucerne, papaw, parsley, pineapple, Piper betle, rhubarb, sesame, strawberry, tomato. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings (tomato, castor, citrus, cotton); root rot (citrus, avocado, strawberry, lucerne); crown rot (parsley, rhubarb, strawberry, lucerne); brown stem rot of tobacco; stem canker and tip blight of Cinchona spp. ; leaf blight (castor, sesame, pineapple, Piper betle) and fruit rot (citrus, tomato, guava, papaw, eggplant). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Mali, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika); Asia (Burma, Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Israel, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines); Australia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, Tasmania); Europe (Cyprus, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, U.S.S.R.); North America (Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Trinidad);. South America (Argentina, Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, spreading rapidly after heavy rain or where soil remains moist or water-logged (40: 470). Also recorded in drainage water in India and in reservoirs and canals supplying citrus groves in U.S.A. (23: 45; 39: 24). A method for determining a disease potential index in soil using lemon fruit has been described (38: 4). Also present in testas of seeds from diseased citrus fruit which may infect nursery seedbeds (37: 165).

Rhizopus oryzae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Vascular Involvement ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Diabetic Rabbits

Abstract A description is provided for Rhizopus oryzae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: In air, soil, compost, and pathogenic for plants, man and other warm blooded animals. DISEASE: Plants: Often in association with R. stolonifer or other fungi, causes pale brown soft rot of fruit, vegetables and bulbs, especially rot of sweet potatoes (Harter et al., 1921; Lauritzen & Harter, 1925; 52, 4179 (as R. nodosus)), root rot of sugar beet (Hildebrand & Koch, 1943; Gaskill & Seliskar, 1952; 52, 1718) and seed-bed losses in groundnuts (Gibson & Clinton, 1953). Also, again in association as above, causes storage rot of many plant products (53, 99) including soyabean seed (54, 1959). Man and animals: Cause of rhinocerebral phycomycosis, sometimes with ocular or vascular involvement in man, particularly diabetics (RMVM 6, 504, 3028; 5, 1426; 8, 2113; 9, 2410). Also reported from bovine mycotic abortion (Nicolet et al., 1966) and from mycotic pneumonia in chicks (RMVM 7, 1861). Has been used in experimental infection of mice, thyroidectomized rats (RMVM 6, 2119) and alloxan-diabetic rabbits (RMVM 7, 2628). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.

Phytophthora cinnamomi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
High Moisture Level ◽  
English Walnut ◽  
Fallen Fruit ◽  
Variable Water

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora cinnamomi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Ananas, Cinchona, Cinnamomum, Castanea, Erica, Persea, Pinus, Rhododendron, and over 100 othor host species including beech, oak, walnut, conifers, avocado, pineapple, cinnamon, Erica, rhododendron, Lawson cypress, English walnut, Irish yew, Douglas fir (Thorn & Zentmyer, 1954, Rangaswami, 1962 and Herb. IMI). DISEASES: Causes 'ink' disease of chestnut in conjunction with P. cambivora and also root rot of many other trees, beech, oak, walnut and conifers, both in the nursery and forest, avocado root rot, pineapple root and heart rot, stripe canker of cinnamon, Erica wilt, root rot of rhododendron and many other ornamentals. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. (CMI Map 302, ed. 2, 1963.) TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Persisting up to 10 yr. in naturally infested soil planted with macadamia and avocado seedlings, and remaining viable in dead avocado roots stored in soil for 6 yr. at 20% moisture at 20°C. (Zentmyer & Mircetich, 1963). Soil maybe penetrated to a depth of 2-4 feet (34: 4). Movement of nursery plants with infested soil adhering to their roots may also spread the pathogen (3: 245). Soils with poor drainage and a high moisture level or variable water table favour the pathogen (45, 3027; 42: 162; 34: 4) and zoospores may be disseminated by movement of soil water (41: 490; 43, 2753). Phytophthora cinnamomi may also be seed-borne in seed derived from wind-fallen fruit which has become infected from contact with infested soil (Durbin et al., 1957).

Gibellula pulchra. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. K. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Gibellula pulchra. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Spiders. The conspicuous synnemata only develop after the host has died and are frequently found on the under side of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide but especially in the tropics where it is thought to exert a natural control over the spider population in the forests (Evans, 1974).

Colletotrichum coccodes. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Elizabeth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Coccodes ◽  
Black Dot ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Extensive Growth ◽  
Carry Over

Abstract A description is provided for Colletotrichum coccodes. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum tuberosum and over 35 other hosts, representing 13 families chiefly in the Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae and Solanaceae (Cheaters & Hornby, 1965). Also on onion and strawberry on inoculation (36: 45). DISEASES: Black dot of potato and tomato, anthracnose of fruits of tomato, chilli (Capsicum) and squash. Causes a distinctive cortical brown rot of stems and roots of potato and tomato, chilli, eggplant and winter cherry (Solanum capsicastrum). The roots of other less susceptible hosts including chrysanthemum, white mustard, cress, cabbage, and lettuce are only lightly colonized, and the infected plants may be symptomless. Commonly causes destruction of cortical tissues of stems and roots of hosts, also fruit rot of tomato. On potato, black dot on stem root, and tuber, sometimes associated with leaf scorch (31: 574), skin necrosis (38: 621), rubbery tuber wilt (41: 670) and spindle sprout (35: 540, 918). Enzymes secreted by the pathogen are responsible for foot and root rot stages; wilting of aerial organs is a remote effect of operation of toxins (35: 541). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, and N., C., and S. America. (CMI Map l90) TRANSMISSION: Soil borne, but no rapid or extensive growth of hyphae through soil; survival probably only in decaying roots and other trash and on weed hosts. Infection occurs when living roots grow in contact with organic material harbouring the pathogen (32: 608; 36: 502, 719). Sclerotia overwinter on trash and develop into acervuli in spring (38: 478); they survive up to 84 wks. in greenhouse soil (45, 3066). In potato, transmission is from infected plants through the daughter tubers, and incidence of infection increases during storage; new plants are infected from dead material by conidia (35: 541; 34: 480). Persistence on weeds such as Solanum dulcamara and S. nigrum maybe implicated in carry-over from potato to tomato crops (45, 1204).

Cochliobolus spicifer. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Spring Dead Spot ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Cochliobolus spicifer. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous, mostly in the tropics and sub-tropics. DISEASE: Leaf spot, root rot, on seed, and associated with spring dead spot of Bermuda grass (Cynodon daction; 48, 1775). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. TRANSMISSION: Probably most frequently spread through seed.

Glomerella cingulata. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Glomerella Cingulata ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
Stems And Leaves

Abstract A description is provided for Glomerella cingulata. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Reported frequently an Annona, apple, avocado, banana, cacao, Camellia, Capsicum, cherry, citrus (grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange), coffee, lupin, mango, papaw, pear, Piper, rubber, tea, tomato, vine, yams; also on many other cultivated and wild plants. DISEASE: Anthracnose of stems and leaves, dieback, root rot, leaf spot, blossom rot, fruit rot (dieback and ripe rot), seedling blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide, though more abundant in tropics and subtropics than in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Persists on and in seed, trash and weed hosts and is dispersed locally by water splash, air currents, insects or other form of contact. Frequently isolated from soil.

Fusarium equiseti. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Phaseolus Aureus ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Fusarium Equiseti ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tuber Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium equiseti. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Fusarium equiseti has been isolated from a wide range of hosts, especially tropical hosts belonging to the following genera: Agave, Allium, Apium, Arachis, Beta, Brassica, Cajanus, Carica, Chrysanthemum, Cicer, Citrullus, Citrus, Cocos, Coffea, Cola, Crotalaria, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cupressus, Daucus, Dianthus, Elaeis, Eucalyptus, Ficus, Fragaria, Glycine, Gossypium, Helianthus, Hevea, Hordeum, Linum, Luffa, Lycopersicon, Macadamia, Mangifera, Manihot, Musa, Nicotiana, Oryza, Panicum, Papaver, Pennisetum, Phaseolus, Pinus, Pisum, Prunus, Pyrus, Rosa, Solanum, Sorghum, Theobroma, Trifolium, Triticum, Vicia, Vigna, Zea, Zingiber; also widespread in soil. DISEASE: Pathogenic to cucurbits and avocado (54, 2536; 52, 2674; 50, 3350). Causes tuber rot of Cycas (54, 168) and stalk rot of maize (54, 4915). Also isolated from diseased Piper (52, 1993) and mung bean (Phaseolus aureus[Vigna radiata], 50, 397). Pathogenic to cereals during seedling stage (56, 3493) and also causing root rot (56, 2487). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide; very frequent in tropical and subtropical areas but occurs also in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Infection and stalk rot of maize caused by F. equiseti appears to be by air-borne spores (54, 4915) although in most occurrences wounding or damage to the host appears to be necessary for infection (53, 4642). Infected soil may cause seedling blight (50, 1397).

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